Analysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 1932 Words

Shakespeare establishes an outsider in several of his plays and whether certain groups are considered to be â€Å"insiders† or â€Å"outsiders†. He displays this theme by Othello being a general of color living in Venice who must balance being a Moor and a Venetian. Othello demonstrates many times in the play his struggle to balance each of these roles. He is put into situations that call out characteristics from both personas, which affect the way he communicates with various characters throughout the play. The Venetian stereotype of a cruel and ignorant black man and the educated and broad-minded Christian military leader shine through in his interactions and conversations with other people. Othello’s struggles send him into madness which†¦show more content†¦People that are considered the minority in Venice at that time were of color, therefore Othello was constantly fighting stereotypes established by the vast majority of people in Venice. Othello di d his very best to blend in with Venetians despite the many characteristics he had that separated him from the majority of the people living in Venice at that time. He even changed the way he lived his life to try to become a part of the Venetian society. Iago referred to Othello as a moor and said that he loved Desdemona so much that he would even be ready to renounce his Christianity (2.3.363-364). That was only to be done to make her as happy as he possibly could. This suggests that he must have been baptised earlier in his life. The assumption that he was baptised to fit into a new environment demonstrates how determined he was to mix in with the people of the Christian community. Religion played a vital part of every aspect of life during that time period in Venice. This made it even harder for Othello to find the confidence to define himself. This struggle is explained better as Daniel J. Vitkus, author of â€Å"Turning Turk in Othello: The Conversion and Damnation of the Moo r†, refers to him as â€Å"purified and Christianized Moor, converted to whiteness† (161). Vitkus’ statement implies that he still carries characteristics which make Othello a Moor, since he is still being called a moor. He attempts to become purified by

The Vampire Diaries Dark Reunion Chapter One Free Essays

â€Å"Things can be just like they were before,† said Caroline warmly, reaching out to squeeze Bonnie’s hand. But it wasn’t true. Nothing could ever be the way it had been before Elena died. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter One or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nothing. And Bonnie had serious misgivings about this party Caroline was trying to set up. A vague nagging in the pit of her stomach told her that for some reason it was a very, very bad idea. â€Å"Meredith’s birthday is already over,† she pointed out. â€Å"It was last Saturday.† â€Å"But she didn’t have a party, not a real party like this one. We’ve got all night; my parents won’t be back until Sunday morning. Come on, Bonnie-just think how surprised she’ll be.† Oh, she’ll be surprised, all right, thought Bonnie. So surprised she just might kill me afterward. â€Å"Look, Caroline, the reason Meredith didn’t have a big party is that she still doesn’t feel much like celebrating. It seems-disrespectful, somehow-â€Å" â€Å"But that’s wrong. Elena would want us to have a good time, you know she would. She loved parties. And she’d hate to see us sitting around and crying over her six months after she’s gone.† Caroline leaned forward, her normally feline green eyes earnest and compelling. There was no artifice in them now, none of Caroline’s usual nasty manipulation. Bonnie could tell she really meant it. â€Å"I want us to be friends again the way we used to be,† Caroline said. â€Å"We always used to celebrate our birthdays together, just the four of us, remember? And remember how the guys would always try to crash our parties? I wonder if they’ll try this year.† Bonnie felt control of the situation slipping away from her. This is a bad idea, this is a very bad idea, she thought. But Caroline was going on, looking dreamy and almost romantic as she talked about the good old days. Bonnie didn’t have the heart to tell her that the good old days were as dead as disco. â€Å"But there aren’t even four of us anymore. Three doesn’t make much of a party,† she protested feebly when she could get a word in. â€Å"I’m going to invite Sue Carson, too. Meredith gets along with her, doesn’t she?† Bonnie had to admit Meredith did; everyone got along with Sue. But even so, Caroline had to understand that things couldn’t be the way they had been before. You couldn’t just substitute Sue Carson for Elena and say, There, everything is fixed now. But how do I explain that to Caroline? Bonnie thought. Suddenly she knew. â€Å"Let’s invite Vickie Bennett,† she said. Caroline stared. â€Å"Vickie Bennett? You must be joking. Invite that bizarre little drip who undressed in front of half the school? After everything that happened?† Caroline stared. â€Å"Vickie Bennett? You must be joking. Invite that bizarre little drip who undressed in front of half the school? After everything that happened?† For a moment Caroline looked helplessly frustrated. Bonnie thrust her chin out, put her hands on her hips, and waited. Finally Caroline sighed. â€Å"All right; you win. I’ll invite her. But you have to take care of getting Meredith to my house Saturday night. And Bonnie-make sure she doesn’t have any idea what’s going on. I really want this to be a surprise.† â€Å"Oh, it will be,† Bonnie said grimly. She was unprepared for the sudden light in Caroline’s face or the impulsive warmth of Caroline’s hug. â€Å"I’m so glad you’re seeing things my way,† Caroline said. â€Å"And it’ll be so good for us all to be together again.† She doesn’t understand a thing, Bonnie realized, dazed, as Caroline walked off. What do I have to do to explain to her? Sock her? And then: Oh, God, now I have to tell Meredith. But by the end of the day she decided that maybe Meredith didn’t need to be told. Caroline wanted Meredith surprised; well, maybe Bonnie should deliver Meredith surprised. That way at least Meredith wouldn’t have to worry about it beforehand. Yes, Bonnie concluded, it was probably kindest to not tell Meredith anything. And who knows, she wrote in her journal Friday night. Maybe I’m being too hard on Caroline. Maybe she’s really sorry about all the things she did to us, like trying to humiliate Elena in front of the whole town and trying to get Stefan put away for murder. Maybe Caroline’s matured since then and learned to think about somebody besides herself. Maybe we’ll actually have a good time at her party. And maybe aliens will kidnap me before tomorrow afternoon, she thought as she closed the diary. She could only hope. The diary was an inexpensive drugstore blank book, with a pattern of tiny flowers on the cover. She’d only started keeping it since Elena had died, but she’d already become slightly addicted to it. It was the one place she could say anything she wanted without people looking shocked and saying, â€Å"Bonnie McCullough!† or â€Å"Oh, Bonnie.† She was still thinking about Elena as she turned off the light and crawled under the covers. She was sitting on lush, manicured grass that spread as far as she could see in all directions. The sky was a flawless blue, the air was warm and scented. Birds were singing. â€Å"I’m so glad you could come,† Elena said. â€Å"Oh-yes,† said Bonnie. â€Å"Well, naturally, so am I. Of course.† She looked around again, then hastily back at Elena. â€Å"More tea?† There was a teacup in Bonnie’s hand, thin and fragile as eggshell. â€Å"Oh-sure. Thanks.† Elena was wearing an eighteenth-century dress of gauzy white muslin, which clung to her, showing how slender she was. She poured the tea precisely, without spilling a drop. â€Å"Would you like a mouse?† â€Å"A what?† â€Å"I said, would you like a sandwich with your tea?† â€Å"Oh. A sandwich. Yeah. Great.† It was thinly sliced cucumber with mayonnaise on a dainty square of white bread. Without the crust. The whole scene was as sparkly and beautiful as a picture by Seurat. Warm Springs, that’s where we are. The old picnic place, Bonnie thought. But surely we’ve got more important things to discuss than tea. â€Å"Who does your hair these days?† she asked. Elena never had been able to do it herself. â€Å"Do you like it?† Elena put a hand up to the silky, pale gold mass piled at the back of her neck. â€Å"It’s perfect,† said Bonnie, sounding for all the world like her mother at a Daughters of the American Revolution dinner party. â€Å"Well, hair is important, you know,† Elena said. Her eyes glowed a deeper blue than the sky, lapis lazuli blue. Bonnie touched her own springy red curls self-consciously. â€Å"Of course, blood is important too,† Elena said. â€Å"Blood? Oh-yes, of course,† said Bonnie, flustered. She had no idea what Elena was talking about, and she felt as if she were walking on a tightrope over alligators. â€Å"Yes, blood’s important, all right,† she agreed weakly. â€Å"Another sandwich?† â€Å"Thanks.† It was cheese and tomato. Elena selected one for herself and bit into it delicately. Bonnie watched her, feeling uneasiness grow by the minute inside her, and then- And then she saw the mud oozing out of the edges of the sandwich. â€Å"What-what’s that?† Terror made her voice shrill. For the first time, the dream seemed like a dream, and she found that she couldn’t move, could only gasp and stare. A thick glob of the brown stuff fell off Elena’s sandwich onto the checkered tablecloth. It was mud, all right. â€Å"Elena†¦ Elena, what-â€Å" The air was no longer warm and scented; it was hot and sickly sweet with the odor of rotting garbage. There were black pits in the green grass, which wasn’t manicured after all but wild and overgrown. This wasn’t Warm Springs. She was in the old graveyard; how could she not have realized that? Only these graves were fresh. â€Å"Another mouse?† Elena said, and giggled obscenely. Bonnie looked down at the half-eaten sandwich she was holding and screamed. Dangling from one end was a ropy brown tail. She threw it as hard as she could against a headstone, where it hit with a wet slap. Then she stood, stomach heaving, scrubbing her fingers frantically against her jeans. â€Å"You can’t leave yet. The company is just arriving.† Elena’s face was changing; she had already lost her hair, and her skin was turning gray and leathery. Things were moving in the plate of sandwiches and the freshly dug pits. Bonnie didn’t want to see any of them; she thought she would go mad if she did. â€Å"You’re not Elena!† she screamed, and ran. The wind blew her hair into her eyes and she couldn’t see. Her pursuer was behind her; she could feel it right behind her. Get to the bridge, she thought, and then she ran into something. â€Å"I’ve been waiting for you,† said the thing in Elena’s dress, the gray skeletal thing with long, twisted teeth. â€Å"Listen to me, Bonnie.† It held her with terrible strength. â€Å"You’re not Elena! You’re not Elena!† â€Å"Listen to me, Bonnie!† It was Elena’s voice, Elena’s real voice, not obscenely amused nor thick and ugly, but urgent. It came from somewhere behind Bonnie and it swept through the dream like a fresh, cold wind. â€Å"Bonnie, listen quickly-â€Å" Things were melting. The bony hands on Bonnie’s arms, the crawling graveyard, the rancid hot air. For a moment Elena’s voice was clear, but it was broken up like a bad long-dis-tance connection. â€Å"†¦ He’s twisting things, changing them. I’m not as strong as he is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie missed some words. â€Å"†¦ but this is important. You have to find†¦ right now.† Her voice was fading. â€Å"Elena, I can’t hear you! Elena!† â€Å"†¦ an easy spell, only two ingredients, the ones I told you already†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Elena!† Bonnie was still shouting as she sat bolt upright in bed. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter One, Essay examples

Eleanor Roosevelts Mark on Society free essay sample

A discussion on Eleanor Roosevelts political, social and cultural achievements. This paper discusses Eleanor Roosevelt?s personality, political achievements and her relationship with the mass media. The author gives examples of how she left her mark on the American society and culture. `It is hard not to admire Eleanor Roosevelt even if we judge her by the standards of the 21st century in which we expect women to take their place in public life with assurance and intelligence. It is impossible not to admire her if we consider her accomplishments within the context of the decades bracketing World War II. She was one of the first women to make such an indelible mark on American society and culture. There are a number of reasons for her success including her intelligence, her moral and ethical commitment to social justice, her ability to work hard, her refusal to be discouraged. But one of the most important keys to her success was the deft way in which she handled and used the mass media (especially newspapers and radio) to help promote the causes that she believed to be most important as well as to create a sense of self. We will write a custom essay sample on Eleanor Roosevelts Mark on Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper examines her relationship with the mass media, how she used it, was shaped by it, helped to shape it and the legacy that she created for both the women who have come after her and the continuing ways in which the mass media have been affected by her work. `

The Hangi Essays - Physics, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics

The Hangi How does the construction of the Hangi cook the food with it? Introduction: The Hangi is a traditional Maori method of cooking food. Food from a Hangi is cooked underground by red-hot volcanic rocks and steam, which condenses onto the food, therefore cooking it. To make a hangi , a pile of wood is lit under the ground, heating up the light and easy to heat volcanic rock red hot. In modern Hangi , wire baskets filled with food are put inside the ground along with the volcanic rocks and covered with a wet cloth and soil dug up from the ground. The very hot steam created underground with the food has no other way of escaping, so it condensed onto the food, transferring its heat onto it. After 3 hours, the food should be completely cooked. Paragraph 1: Construction of Modern and Traditional Hangi Before the Introduction of metals and wire, the Maori only had Hangi to cook their food. In traditional Hangi , the food is laid out onto bark, large leaves, clean sticks, large leaves and other sorts of vegetation. These methods carry a whole range of uses including keeping the food clean, reduce burning, and to keep direct contact with the super-heated rocks to an absolute minimum. Some tribes used a carved wooden bowl called " Kono " to cook food by placing their food inside, then putting hot rocks on a liquid base to heat up the liquid, therefore cooking the food inside of it. The traditional Hangi cooked a variety of food such as fish, birds, other land animals, and vegetable leaves such as Puha , Kokihi and Kohetake . This method of cooking food was not however mainly used for cooking food but also favoured by Tohunga (Expert Practitioners) for making medicines and remedies by heating up leaves, bark and other organic matter. The introductio n of cooking vessels such as pots and pans ended the daily use of Hangi to cook food. This is because Hangi take a lot of time, preparation and planning to go into it, while the use of a pot or pan can make that process much faster.In modern Hangi , the leaves that were used are likely to be substituted with aluminium foil and metal baskets made of wire. The baskets prepared with food wrapped with aluminium foil are carefully placed inside the stones, with cabbage leaves on the bottom of the basket to prevent the basket and aluminium foil from burning. The food is then covered on the top with a wet cloth, then sprayed with water to create extra steam for the Hangi to cook on. Then a mound of Earth is placed on top of the Hangi is a way which traps the steam and heat from escaping. The food is then cooked and ready to eat in 3 to 4 hours. The modern Hangi , in my opinion, is better that the traditional Hangi for a number of reasons. Firstly, the tr aditional Hangi uses material they find in the bush such as leaves, bark and sticks to put their food over. This might be a health hazard to the people that eat the food as dirt and other debris such as ash from burning objects like wood, or the dirt finding a way to get into and contaminate the food. Also, people might get burn in the making of the fire, especially in the very hot conditions inside and near the Hangi . A modern " Hangi Machine" is available for purchase and it is a much safer way to cook food. With this Hangi machine, you are able to cook kai very easily, with less preparation and danger. But I believe the Hangi Machine undermines the whole "traditional cuisine" part of the Hangi . Paragraph 2: Types of Heat Transfer and Open and Closed Systems Liquids and Gases expand when they are heated. This is because the particles in the liquids and gases vibrate faster and faster as they get hotter, causing them to move. They also lose energy when they are cooler, slowing the vibration of the particles down, which makes the particles slower than when the liquid and gases are

Bahamas Essay Example

Bahamas Essay Example Bahamas Essay Bahamas Essay Bahamas Introduction Many families look forward to their annual vacations. That time of the year when their lives become refreshed and renewed. Most people choose to travel, which helps to lighten their moods after a long year. Different people spend their summer vacation differently; some visit new places while others simply stay at home and relax. Tourist destinations around the world become overwhelmed by the number of tourists. One of the best places to go on vacation is the Caribbean islands. In the Caribbean, the Bahamas is a favorite destination for many people. The locals in the Bahamas are very hospitable and the hotels and resorts have breathtaking views. Many tourists are also attracted by the diverse culture and beauty of the Bahamas. It is termed among the best holiday locations in the world because of its unsurpassed weather, beautiful sandy beaches and endless entertainment. Tourists are attracted to the Bahamas because of its diverse cultural values and adventures. The tourism sector earns the Bahamas the most revenue given by the number of tourists in the islands over the years. The weather in the Caribbean makes it possible for tourists to visit throughout the year, as the seasons are temperate. This means that the islands experience the perfect climate throughout the year. The Bahamas is distinct with its clean air and nice sea breezes given by its tropical climate. The exotic cuisine of the Bahamian people has earned the country a great reputation being home to some of the world’s famous chefs. Tourists appreciate new experiences when they visit new places and the Bahamian cuisine offers the best experience in the world. The efforts by the hotels and resorts to cater for their clients both children and adults reflect the hospitality of the Bahamian people. Every visit to the Bahamas is a guaranteed unforgettable experience.

Defining Active and Passive Transport

Defining Active and Passive Transport Active and passive transport processes are two ways molecules and other materials move in and out of cells and cross intracellular membranes. Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required. Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower concentration. There are multiple forms of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. Passive transport occurs because of the entropy of the system, so additional energy isnt required for it to occur. Compare Both active and passive transport move materials and can cross biological membranes. Contrast Active transport moves materials from lower to a higher concentration, while passive transport moves materials from higher to lower concentration.Active transport requires energy to proceed, while passive transport does not require the input of extra energy to occur. Active Transport Solutes move from a region of low concentration to high concentration. In a biological system, a membrane is crossed using enzymes and energy (ATP). Passive Transport Simple Diffusion:  Solutes move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.Facilitated Diffusion: Solutes move across a membrane from higher to lower concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins.Filtration: Solute and solvent molecules and ions cross a membrane because of hydrostatic pressure. Molecules small enough to pass through the filter may pass.Osmosis: Solvent molecules move from lower to higher  solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane. Note this makes the solute molecules more dilute.Note: Simple diffusion and osmosis are similar, except in simple diffusion, it is the solute particles that move. In osmosis, the solvent (usually water) moves across a membrane to dilute the solute particles.

Is playtime valuable in the primary school Essay

Is playtime valuable in the primary school - Essay Example The play time also allow the children to fight obesity as they are more active. The physical activity increases the energy level of the children. The children who indulged in playtime can have increased bone and muscle strength and can have good health. The physical activity can increase the blood circulation which also helps in increased growth. The children are playful in young age and if they indulge in play time then they have increased interest in study time. The children cannot be weary of studies as play time can give them extra leisure time. As per Ridgers (2006) â€Å"Physical activity guidelines state that children should engage in atleast 1 hour of moderate intense physical activity once a day† Play time also has an important effect on the emotional health of the children. The play time revives the mental energy of the children as they can be increasingly happy and joyful after play hours. According to Entin (2011) â€Å"When children are in charge of their own play, it provides a foundation for their future mental health as older children and adults†. The children if do not get enough time to play then they can feel depressed and anxious. In childhood children are more interested in play rather than study. The emotional health of a child is highly depended upon their physical activity. The brain development of a child is largely based on their physical activity. A child gets the most mental satisfaction from play time and hence it is highly beneficial on emotional levels. The cognitive development of a child is also based on their play time hours. The play time is not only healthy for children but also helps in increased emotional, cognitive development and be more resilient and stress managers .... ased emotional, cognitive development and be more resilient and stress managers .The impact of play time on emotional development of children is greater than we think. The creativity, imaginative skill of a child increases with play time hours (Scott,2007). The play time also has effect on the social development of a child. The play time can give children many socializing skills. They can learn to co – operate, sharing and interacting. The children largely interact while they play and hence play time has a potential benefit on social development of children. As per Milteer(2012)â€Å"Play time is a natural tool which cans co – operate, overcome challenge and negotiate with others†. The increased physical activity can increase the personality of child not only in younger years but also in future life. They can be more adaptive too unpredictable circumstances due to play time experiences. The children who engage in play time can be more expressive and communicative . They can be more outward and socializing as they engage more with their peers and friends. The play time allows children to make choices as they engage in various plays and games which have intelligence and logical importance. According to Tomlin (2008) â€Å"Maturation and socialization develop during all stages of childhood through the use of play†. The play time allow children to be more aware and alert and can be more of practical and energetic. The social skills of person are based on the child’s exposure to other people of their age group. During play time the children can be more interacting with other children and this can make them more socializing person in future. As per Caldwell (2012) â€Å"A positive self concept which boosts children is also a benefit of play time in primary schools†. The

Gender Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender Gap - Essay Example Some women are very interested in female equality, some are apathetic, and some stand firmly against it. This study further concluded that the more education the father has, the more likelihood there is that the daughter will be a feminist. Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender. The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals. â€Å"Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children’s literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are pre valent in a variety of samples of children’s books but under-representation was not as severe†. Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with racism in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance.... Still another significant factor determined by this study is that the higher the educational level in the home, the more likely girls are to believe in equal rights. The following paragraph is less than 1 page Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender (Berggren 2006, p. 132). The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals (Berggren 2006, p. 134). "Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children's literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are prevalent in a variety of samples of children's books but under-representation was not as severe" (Hamilton et al 2006, p. 759). Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with raci sm in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism, like racism, involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance. Society, being codified by men, decrees that the female is inferior (Elgar 2004, p. 876). The problems of

Ice Cream Essay Example for Free

Ice Cream Essay According to market research conducted in 1996, 80% of Filipino consumers bought on impulse (they bought only upon passing an ice cream shop or scooping station, but without an intention to buy first); 98% ate ice cream was an afternoon snack. Furthermore, studies showed that per capita consumption of ice cream was less than a forth of a gallon per person per year. In 1992, it stood at 0. 23 gallons per person and declined to 0. 20 in 1993. On average, domestic ice cream market was 13. 8 million gallons from 1991-1993, worth estimated p 2. 5-3 billion per annum. Bulk ice cream comprised 86% of the industry sales while the rest was accounted for by frozen novelties. Main competitors in this include San Miguel Corporation’s (SMC) Magnolia and RFM’s Selecta. Magnolia Other trailing competitors are Universal Robina Corporation’s (URC) Presto, Arce Dairy Ice Cream, and Pure food’s Coney Island, as well as foreign brands like Baskin-Robbins ,Dreyer’s and Haagen-Dazs. Magnolia – The pioneer ice cream brand in terms of flavour, quality control, variety, technology and distribution produced by the merger of SMC and Nestle. It introduced the Flavor of the Month series that provided a huge variety of ice cream flavours to the consumer, with projected volumes of FoM ice cream sold reaching over 28 million gallons. It pioneered the introduction of tropical fruit flavours. It was the first to achieve International Standards Organization quality standards, and is the only Filipino ice cream brand that has expanded overseas. Magnolia is poised as the main competitor, as it aims to be at the forefront of the dairy industry. With increasing competition, MNC intends to make its products available in neighborhood stores and major outlets; introduce a feedback mechanism that will help the corporation monitor the market; and employ new approaches to selling. Currently, magnolia is the preferred choice of many five star hotels, fine dining restaurants, sports and country clubs and food chains. Presto – this brand claims value for money, as part of the corporate philosophy of the Gokongweis, owners of JG summit corp. hich URC is part of, which is to make available value-for-money items for all its consumer-branded products, and as such has positioned its prices lower than Magnolia Selecta. Presto excels in the frozen novelties market, as was demonstrated in their introduction of Tivoli bars, the first ice cream bar in the Philippines, a phenomenal success that had competitors challenge it with their own versions of ice cream bars. Presto currently holding the number three position, is determined to fu rther widen its market share and catch up with the giants. Thus, the company is eyeing the possibility of plant capacity expansion and wider distribution network. It is also determined to enhance its advertising campaigns and be very active in the communication field. Arce Dairy – This ice cream brand was started in January 1995 and immediately got hold of a 5% market share. Its trademark was the use of carabao milk as base, comfortably within the 5-16% fat content requirement to be called ice cream because carabao milk contains considerably more fat than cow milk (9. 65% as opposed to 4. 16%). Only the expensive ice cream (super deluxe and super special) of Arce contain carabao milk, and are priced at higher than the rates of the competition, showing that Arce’s main strength is its appeal to the AB market where its products cost P3-5 more than its competitors’ products, and as its regular ice cream products are priced lower than its competitors by P3-5 which indicates its attempt to appeal to the CD market’s tendency to want every peso to count. Coney Island – 1976 saw the entry of Coney Island in the local ice cream market. It introduced a new standard of creaminess thanks to its products’ high milk fat content, setting a standard for flavour richness back then. Purefoods acquired it in 1991 and increased its production capacity without having neglected the improvement of its quality. In line with Pure Food’s rule of following the highest international standards, Coney Island tried to implement the zero-vegetable fat and at least 10 percent milk fat standard of US ice cream. It used high quality ingredients like Callebaut chocolate from Belgium for its top-of-the-line products such as the Premium Bar, Pure and Simple and Bugs Bunny Bar. It repositioned itself in the market in 1995 to improve local competitiveness. It marketed its products as â€Å"Not Just Ordinary Ice Cream†, supported by new flavours and packaging. Coney Island revised its product classification, and began categorizing its bulk ice cream as simply creamy, fruit and nuts, and cakes and pastries instead of the traditional premium and super premium. This move was inspired by a study that showed that consumers buy ice cream on the basis of flavour concepts. Foreign Brands – Foreign include Haagen-Dazs, Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream and Baskin-Robbins. Dreyers was the first to penetrate the local market.

Defining Intelligence :: essays research papers

The true nature of intelligence has been debated more intensely then ever over the last century. As the science of psychology has developed one of the biggest questions it had to answer concerned the nature of Intelligence. Some of the definitions that have been given for intelligence have been the ability to adjust to one’s environment. Of course by such a definition even a person who is generally considered to be dull can be regarded as being intelligent if he can take care of himself. Other definition is such as having the tendency to analyze things around yourself. However it can be argued that such behavior can lead to over-analyzing things and not reacting to one’s environment and dealing with it in an intelligent manner. One of the most definitive things ever said regarding the nature of intelligence was that intelligence is whatever IQ tests measure. The IQ test has been in use throughout the 20th century and serves as an accepted measure of a person’s intelligence. It is used by institutions such as schools and the army to screen people’s level of intelligence and decisions are made based on that. The IQ test consists of a series of questions regarding certain skills such as vocabulary, mathematics, spatial relations. The scores that a person gets on these tests depend on the amount of questions that a person answers correctly. The actual score that a person gets is dependant on how others in that age group do on those particular questions. While the IQ test is generally used and widely accepted they have been criticized for several different reasons. One is that the test by its nature measures how well a person does answering questions on paper. However it is well-known that not all forms of intelligence involve memorizing words or solving equations. Recently there has been a movement in psychology regarding something called EQ or emotional quotient. What this is saying that there should also be a rating for people that are particularly able to deal with other people and social situations. While someone that is very good at dealing with people and real world situations is generally not regarded as being intelligent in a stereotypical manner there hasn’t been any definition of intelligence proposed which have ruled out this particular form of intelligence. Defining Intelligence :: essays research papers The true nature of intelligence has been debated more intensely then ever over the last century. As the science of psychology has developed one of the biggest questions it had to answer concerned the nature of Intelligence. Some of the definitions that have been given for intelligence have been the ability to adjust to one’s environment. Of course by such a definition even a person who is generally considered to be dull can be regarded as being intelligent if he can take care of himself. Other definition is such as having the tendency to analyze things around yourself. However it can be argued that such behavior can lead to over-analyzing things and not reacting to one’s environment and dealing with it in an intelligent manner. One of the most definitive things ever said regarding the nature of intelligence was that intelligence is whatever IQ tests measure. The IQ test has been in use throughout the 20th century and serves as an accepted measure of a person’s intelligence. It is used by institutions such as schools and the army to screen people’s level of intelligence and decisions are made based on that. The IQ test consists of a series of questions regarding certain skills such as vocabulary, mathematics, spatial relations. The scores that a person gets on these tests depend on the amount of questions that a person answers correctly. The actual score that a person gets is dependant on how others in that age group do on those particular questions. While the IQ test is generally used and widely accepted they have been criticized for several different reasons. One is that the test by its nature measures how well a person does answering questions on paper. However it is well-known that not all forms of intelligence involve memorizing words or solving equations. Recently there has been a movement in psychology regarding something called EQ or emotional quotient. What this is saying that there should also be a rating for people that are particularly able to deal with other people and social situations. While someone that is very good at dealing with people and real world situations is generally not regarded as being intelligent in a stereotypical manner there hasn’t been any definition of intelligence proposed which have ruled out this particular form of intelligence.

Change Management – A review

The determinants and Impediments of change In each branch of change management have been considered and addressed. Some elements fall outside the scope of the literature review and research. The literature review is structured in such a way that echoes this integration as illustrated in the following diagram (Figure M). Figure XX: Areas within and outside the research boundaries leading to organizational responsiveness to change. Figure XX: Areas within and outside the research boundaries leading to organizational responsiveness to change. People Management Leadership Organizational Context.Culture. Organizational Learning. Knowledge Management. Change Management. Change Management Change Management is neither an art nor a science; it is an individual process relying solely on the organization, individuals within the organization (employees), leadership style and management of the organization (middle and top managers), organizational culture, and a variety of external Influences Inc luding environmental, technological and social. The scope for change management within an organization to fail is huge; however the scope for effectiveness is as wide if approached logistically.It is important to keep in mind that change management is not an art or a science but each area and issue of change management is completely individualistic. Many authors have written and researched within the academic area of change application, and how it can be applied strategically to assist the organization. The work that these authors within the field of change management bring to the academic discussion have been studied, analyses, criticized and presented here in an attempt to both inform the reader and support the research and subsequent analysis.Organizational Dynamics Systems Theory The concept of the ‘organization' is not abstract from the idea of systems theory. The organization exists within an environment, has Inputs (l), Processes (P) and Outputs (O) taking into account both formal and informal subsystems and processes. Combined together this presents a system that is both effective and theoretically sound. â€Å"A system is an organized collection of parts interacting in certain ways to achieve certain goals. Any change in any part of the system will produce different effects† (Hellhole, 2006).As Hellhole (2006) identifies change can occur at an individual (l, P or O) level and see effective results, however the argument can also be constructed to assume that when change management is handled holistically, changing all the individual parts of the working cog model, a better result is often seen. Theory in this area is rather limited, however Senior and Swales (2010) present the following illustration (Figure 10) which builds upon the work of Child (1973) focused on the intangible elements of organizational operations. â€Å"Systems thinking† is relevant to highlight here.Whilst it is possible for change to be approached from n indivi dual (l, P or O) level, as well as a holistic stance, systems thinking looks at the concept of ‘does it need changing to enhance the overall level of organizational effectiveness'. An example that may be given here to help explain and contextual this point is that of a maintenance company repaving a road. One element of the system may be to fill the hole with a temporary road surface which is followed up by the removal of this and re-surfacing to correct standards a week later.It could be argued that both elements of the process could be enhanced but the systems hinging viewpoint would maintain that removing stage one would enhance effectiveness, reduce cost and wastage, as well as the crucial element of satisfying customer demand. The author finds this theory and viewpoint interesting and will return to this concept at a later point. Figure 10: The Organization as a System – adapted from the work of Senior and Swales (2010) A key area that the author feels is missing f rom Senior and Swales (2010) model is feedback.Organizations are subject to change and influence from the external environment; this therefore requires a agree of planning and control, which is most effective if informed with feedback. Removing the feedback loop from the ‘organization' almost takes the model back to the classical theorists that considered organizations as rational but closed systems (Hellhole, 2006). Through the addition of the feedback loop the system becomes open as well as debatable more ‘open' to change.Hayes (2002) expands on this concept of open systems commenting that, â€Å"Open-systems theory provides such a framework and views organizations as a system of interrelated components that transact with a larger environment. From the perspective of open systems, some of the main characteristics of organizations are that they are: embedded within a larger system, able to avoid entropy, regulated by feedback, subject to equability, cyclical McKinney a nd the AS model can be used here to look at the infrastructure of the organization, in addition to the informal and formal processes that is presented above.An analysis of the internal environment from this perspective adds to the depth of analysis that can be undertaken. The AS model encompasses the areas of Structure, Systems, Style, Staff, Skills, Strategy and Shared Values providing a useful LOL to merge both tangible and intangible organizational elements. At the analysis stages of this research it will be interesting to return to the idea of change at both an individual (l, P and O) and organizational level and contrast this to what is observed within the case studies, and the influence that this holds over organizational readiness and responsiveness to change.The concept of organizational systems theory is Just one very small part of the evolution of organization theory. This links with the changes in development of change management theory addressed revisions due to culture and influencing factors throughout the eras. The question can always be asked that is everything that the business doing contributing to fulfilling the customer's demands? The author would suggest that this is not necessarily always a requirement, however this could be debated further.Contingency Theory – Mechanistic and Organic Organizations Before the theories and application of change management are examined and analyses, the author believes it to be of importance to examine organizational dynamics as briefly highlighted above within Section 3. 4. 1 . There are three main viewpoints; open yester theory, contingency theory, and congruence model for organizational assessment. Open systems theory as previously discussed looks as the organization as having Inputs, Processes and Outputs and is made ‘open' through the inclusion of a feedback loop.This basic approach was enhanced through the work of Burns and Stalker (1961) and Lawrence and Lora's (1967) who identify that o rganizations do not exist and operate within a vacuum, and investigated the relationship between the internal structure and the environments in which they operate (external environment). Their results, characterized due to the degree of internal formality, internal structure and external stability results in what they term ‘mechanistic' and ‘organic' organizations. They described firms that operated in stable environments as ‘mechanistic' because they were characterized by many rules and procedures and were dominated by a hierarchy of authority. The firms that operated in less stable environments were described as ‘organic' because they tended to have a free-flowing, De-centralized and adaptive internal organization† (Hayes, 2002). Mechanistic Organizational Characteristics Organic Organizational Characteristics 1 . Specialized tasks, narrow in scope 1 . Common tasks and interdependencies 2. Tasks rigidly defined 2. Tasks adjusted and redefined as requi red 3.Strict hierarchy of authority 3. Less adherence to formal authority and rules 4. Centralized knowledge and control 4. Decentralized knowledge and control 5. Hierarchical communication 5. Network communication, diffused channels Table 18: Characteristics of Burns and Stalker's (1961) Contingency Theory – Mechanistic and Organic Organizations There are a range of critics around congruence theory; some agree and identify with the ‘alignment' that this model (2000) for example, disagree arguing that the explanation for organizational operation is not clear enough.The author does not have a specific view on this matter. It has not been unknown for alignment to be criticized within the field due to the fact that it is very difficult to apply in practice. It is clear within both the work of Burns and Stalker (1961) and Child (1973) that changes to one or more of either the internal or external elements will have an impact upon other elements that therefore may also requi re change subsequently.This was highlighted and expanded upon by the work of Cotter (1980) who in essence merges open systems theory and interagency theory creating an integrative model of organizational dynamics. He uses his model comprised of six structural elements and key organizational processes to address impacts upon the organization in both the short, medium and long term time Figure 1 1: Cotter's integrative model of organizational dynamics. Source: Cotter (1980) Table 19: Cotter's integrative model of organizational dynamics.Source: Cotter (1980) Cotter's (1980) work can be used to look at readiness and responsiveness from an organizational dynamics perspective. In the short term Cotter comments that organizational effectiveness is enhanced and determined by he speed with which the organization can control and respond to any of the six structural elements before they start to have an impact on one of the other areas. However using the integrative model for a long term appr oach the idea of readiness is very much at the core.Adaptability to the six structural elements will be the determinant of effectiveness; this requires organizations to put into place tools and techniques that will help evaluate elements that determine which structural element will 'emerge as the driving force that shapes the development of the company (Hayes, 2002). Adaptability is important because it determines whether or not the organization will be able to maintain the required degree of alignment over the long term.Over the longer term, therefore, the focus of change management needs to ensure that the structural elements of the organization are as adaptable as possible† (Hayes, 2002). The organizational dynamics need to support the organizations ability to be both ready and responsive to change; readiness helps support the long term strategy whilst responsiveness will assist in the rectification of the cause-effect relationships that interlink the organizational system together.Congruence Model – the focus towards strategy As the thinking behind organizational management developed the importance of strategy increased amongst firms; a few years after the development of the above organizational dynamic models Needle and Dustman (1982) entered into the academic arena with their take on systems theory, the difference being a strategic focus adopted. Some of the elements of the congruence model are derived from work by Alleviate (1965) and Katz and Kahn (1966) (both cited in Hayes, 2002).The congruence model is in effect a different take on open systems theory. Its main preference is its focus towards strategy and strategic management through assessing the congruency of the organizational components on organizational effectiveness. A distinct difference between the work of Needle and Dustman (1982) and open systems theory is that the integrative model focuses in some depth around the relationship between all of the components within the transfor mational process.This and allows the authors to propose a model that's key concept, of congruence or alignment between the organization, the environment and the internal components of the organization, aids organizational diagnoses and the development of change management strategies. Needle and Dustman play specific emphasis towards the four components that they believe create the transformation process (informal organization, formal organization, task, individual); they look specifically at the relationship between each of these components (six fits' as discussed in Table 20) and that influence on the organization as a whole.This is illustrated by the directional arrows in Figure 12 below. Relationship between†¦ Example areas for consideration Individual Formal Organization What extent are individual needs met by the formal organizational arrangement? For example – Personal Learning Styles (Briggs Myers and Briggs Myers, 1980; Honey and Uniform, 2000), Team Roles (Beeli ne, AAA), and specific HER elements such as Individual appraisal processes (CHIP, AAA; Armstrong, 2009; Armstrong and Baron, 2004). Individual Task To what extent do individuals have the skills necessary to meet task demands and to what extend do the tasks satisfy individual needs?Individual Informal Organization To what extent does the informal organization satisfy the needs of the individuals or make best use of their talents? For example is the individual's Learning Style or personality type understood and utilized within the team, and organizational context (Briggs Myers and Briggs Myers, 1980; Butterflies, 2008). Task Formal Organization To what extent are the formal organizational arrangements adequate to meet the demands of the task? Task Informal Organization To what extent does the informal organization facilitate task performance?For example the work of John Adair looking at Task, Team, and Individual (1996). Formal Organization Informal Organization To what extent are the goals, rewards and structures of the informal organization consistent with those of the formal organization. Table 20 : Areas for consideration between the ‘six fits' of the transformation process in the Congruence Model. Adapted from: Hayes (2002) One element that strikes as being predominant, and harmonies with the opinion of the author, is that of the individual.This model takes into consideration an area that most other models merely merge with other organizational elements. Here the individual is given specific credit and attention, and is focused on in terms of interaction with the formal organization, the informal organization, and the organizational tasks. The individual is seen as a personalized resource to the cuisines that brings individual skills and knowledge that help to equip and shape the organization. The author has a specific interest in the role of the individual (Butterflies, 2008; Section 3. 3. ), but it is also an important element for authors such as He llhole (2006), and is therefore a significant ingredient within the congruence model to draw the reader's attention towards. Hellhole (2006) comments, â€Å"Increasingly, there is recognition that organizational success depends largely on the skills and commitment of a knowledge-based workforce and that organizational ultras conducive to high performance are central to sustaining success beyond the short term†. Figure 12: Needle and Dustman's (1980) Congruence Model. Source: Needle and strategy before the transformation process.This inevitability requires that management have looked at and decided on the appropriate strategy in advance; it almost contradicts the process as one would assume that the strategic direction would follow the process and possibly the output. With the inclusion of the feedback loop it could be considered that this is the case and its position here is deliberate fitting with the experiential learning cycle of Kola (1984). At the application stages of t his research when the case studies are looked at it will be interesting to see where this features in the reality of the organizations.All of the models looked at and discussed above can only ever be a simplification of reality. In terms of change management it is the ability to take these models and look at their use in turning ability to become an appropriate conceptual framework for taking an existing situation and managing the desired change within the applicable circumstances. Out of all of the models looked at the author feels that the congruence model is the cost applicable within the research to be carried out.This is mainly due to its strategic focus, and consideration of the individual. As previously mentioned the models only become applicable and useful if application as a conceptual framework can be adopted. This will be applied and analyses within the findings chapter (Section 5). Drivers for change There are many drivers for change and these are dependent upon on the a rea of change that you address. This is such a huge topic and an in-depth analysis far exceeds the scope that the topic can occupy within this thesis.It is hoped that the main drivers for change for each organization will become apparent within the case study analysis as these are very personal and dependent on both the organization and the industry that the organization is operating within. The following drivers for change are included to provide context and provide some food for thought; these have been taken from the text ‘Understanding Change', by Hellhole (2006). Competition Globalization Demands for greater transparency and accountability Global Sustainability Technology The e-economy The consumer revolution The social context Knowledge Management Future organizational trendsChanging industrial relations climate and employment legislation Stereotypical social attitudes The rise of the stakeholder Degree at which innovation progresses Demographics and Social fragmentation they believe to be the 10 top drivers for organizational change in 2010; whilst these make interesting reading for the author, the author is of particular support with the tenth; â€Å"a new war for talent commences†. This picks up on what the author has been trying to convey throughout the sections on Personnel Management (Section 3. ) and Knowledge Management (Section 3. 3). Not only are there external drivers for change UT internal ones too. As people recover from the economic crisis they will begin to drive forward organizational change in a bid to better themselves and get credit and assurance of their work to the organization. Organizations need to bear this is mind and respond appropriately. The ten top drivers for organizational change as identified by Bloomberg Businesslike (2010) are: † 1 . Consumer preferences will remain â€Å"reset† based on values, not pricier.Energy costs will continue to increase in the medium termed. U. S. Tax policy could erode the competitive positioning of U. S. Companies. Innovation happens for emerging market consumers, not in emerging markets 05. A new return to vertical integration gains traction 06. Industry shifts create competitive shifts 07. Increases in information requires more Judgment from decision makers 08. Markets reward long-term strategic focuses. Economic recovery wont mean recovery for everyone 010. A new war for talent commences† Bloomberg Businesslike (2010).Kurt Lenin; group focused change theory Kurt Lenin can be quoted as saying â€Å"Group life is never without change† (1947). Predominantly Kurt Lenin presents us with a change management theory revolving round the concept of unfreezing – change – and refreezing which presents a high- level approach to change. This has specific relationships back to the school of personnel management due to its importance for change in group settings as highlighted by Lenin in his work ‘Frontiers in Group dynamics ' addressing the art of social science of social equilibrium and social change (1947).Linen's work is not only applicable in a group setting it also holds great importance for the individual context too as well as large communities of practice and teams (Lenin, 1947). Through use of he model there is scope for management to make a radical change, minimize disruption of operations and ensure that the change becomes a permanent and rooted element of the organization through the re-freezing stage.The model, very focused around getting people to change as opposed to changing an organization, consists of three stages: Unfreezing – This is based upon the assumption that there is a need to change as present practices may have become outdated, slow, ineffective, expensive etc†¦. The need to instigate the unfreezing stage is typically based upon an assumption that the status quo is no longer desirable or positive; exulting from this there is often a motivation for change, the tea m unites, recognizes the need for change and begins the process of change management.It is essential there is some degree of confidence amongst the team that the change will be implemented and fulfilled successfully in order to achieve group ‘buy-in' and a positive Psychological Contract. The Change – Normal change management theories and principles generally come into play here. Whilst the team may all be on common stress will develop, individuals will have different ideas of the perceived outcomes, expectations will not be managed, the Psychological Contract diminish etc†¦ This is a time of exploration of opportunities where goals and objectives are set and implementation for change is developed.Lenin stresses the fact that it is essential as with any other change management theory that goals, objectives and plans for implementation are continually assessed and reassessed in order to generate the best possible outcomes. It is important to note here that whilst th e objectives are important for Lenin this does not necessarily form the most essential stage. His focus upon change within groups provides a perspective that is more in line with the needs of individuals and maintain positive relationships and focus, in order to bring about a successful re- freezing stage as described below.Re-freezing – At the completion of the change discussions when implementation has been rolled out across all involved, Lenin identifies the need for re-freezing. â€Å"Change will only reach its full effect if it's made permanent† (Lenin, 1947). As in the re-freezing of a liquid it is important to cement or solidify the change making it an official procedure of the organization; in drawing specific attention to the completion of the project and the new processes re-freezing would therefore inhibit individuals returning to the old ways as existed pre-change process.Refreezing is the heart of this model. Lenin (1947) comments, â€Å"A change towards a higher level of group performance is frequently short-lived, after a â€Å"shot in the arm†, group life soon returns to the previous level. This indicates that it does not suffice to define the objective of planned change in group performance as the reaching of a different level. Permanency of the new level, or permanency for a desired period, should be included in the objective. † Figure 13: Kurt Linen's model of unfreezing and re-freezing.Source: Adapted from Lenin (1947) Right Sizing There are various authors who have looked into the correlation between the size of the firm in terms of personnel and effectiveness in organizational performance. There is however still a heightened awareness that there are additional variables that impose upon organizational effectiveness namely technology; it is said that this could possibly account for up to fifty per cent of the variability in result findings which lead to an inconclusive theory being proposed (Senior and Swales, 2 010).Culture, leadership style, and politics all have an influence on the correlation teens size and organizational performance. Child (1988) who investigated into the correlation between size and performance concluded that the leadership style operated within the organization was relevant to the size of the organization (number of employees employed). It was the leadership style and subsequent influence into the structure that Child's (1988) sees as having an impact upon organizational effectiveness including role specialization and formalization.Senior and Swales (2010) summaries the work of Child (1988); large organizations with a higher degree of bureaucracy structure were in general better performed. Bureaucracy did not work for the smaller organization who had a better degree of performance with a more informal leadership style. â€Å"In organizations with below 2,000 people performance was assumed to be better in those that have little formal structure more bureaucracy and s uperior performance was greater† (Senior and Swales, 2010). Several external driving forces for change (Section 3. 4. ) such as the current economic climate and recent recession which have occurred at both local, regional, national and even international levels have created a heightened degree of urgency or organizations to increase efficiency; many are doing this through operations management and seeing the organizations as a clearly defined set of inputs, processes and outputs. The author is of the belief that for successful change management to occur the process of managing change must occur holistically, which can also occur when viewed through the strategic lens.Both the immediate survival and long term sustenance of any organization heavily depends on organizational responsiveness to its external environment and its ability to face the external challenge. A huge problem facing strategic re-focusing of operations creates opposition due to an emotional connection to common practice challenged by the need to change for survival (Balloon and Hope-Halley, 2008, Sense, 1993). With the distinct lack of literature on right sizing the author has conceptualized a model that illustrates where the concept of right-sizing fits into the organization.Taking the multi-lens perspective approach (Regional and Sprinter, 1996) and essential elements of organizational management the author proposes that the concept of right sizing is situated predominately within the cognitive lens. Figure 14: Position of right sizing within the organization Right sizing would normally e linked to the structural view of the organization. The Rational Lens considers the structure of the organization as an ought-to-be scenario.The Cognitive Lens considers right sizing as what is practicably possible scenario. The Rational Lens considers culture and corporate politics as an impediment to change which is what many change managers attempt to override or ignore. With the cognitive lens appro ach culture and corporate politics are seen as an intrinsic component of change. Therefore culture and corporate politics should be understood and made to become â€Å"enablers† within the change management process.This is currently the issue that several organizations are facing. By positioning right sizing as a resulting factor of a combination of Organizational Culture, Politics and Organizational Type the author feels that it will help in the analysis stages where the variety of case studies will be analyses. As mentioned within Section 2 the case study profiles were deliberately selected by the author for their variations in size.The author feels that it is important to note here that there is not necessarily a formula for what is the ‘right size' of an organization or a specific team dealing with change management, UT that this may be discussed throughout the finding and analysis chapter (Section 5) where the case studies may lead towards generating an inclination as to what works best. The Readiness of Change Several articles regarding both individual and institutional readiness to change (readiness') within an organizational context have been written over the centuries.Many well respected, and up-and-coming academics have posed models and theories in relation to how readiness can be increased, encouraged and developed within both individual and institutional spheres of influence; a large gap that is still existent in the knowledge base centers around the definition of ‘readiness to change'. Several pieces of relevant academic literature and building together a picture towards a ‘comprehensive definition' of readiness for change.Holt et all's work which has been consulted extensively opens with an important issue that the author must recognize; the lack of measurement of readiness for change does not arise from a lack of instruments designed for this purpose. There are several in existence but without a common and universal unde rstanding of what constitutes readiness a liable and robust framework, to operate quantitatively cannot (and has not currently) been developed.Evidently, with readiness being an area of research that is being encouraged (Holt et al, 2007) this is therefore an area that requires the knowledge gap being fulfilled in order for research in this area to pursue. It is the aim of the forthcoming section to be devoted to this cause, reviewing the use of the literature, working towards a definition of readiness, and identifying means of its analysis within a strategic institutionally based context. There is also the need for the adopted method to be suitable to institutions of different natures, sizes and specialties; as always generalization is imperative.Readiness and Resistance; are they related concepts? The concept of readiness is a result of the concept and result of resistance – a sweeping statement or Just a different approach? It is perhaps no surprise, that change management due to its inclusion with the human resource management approach is highly subjective to the reactions of people (employees). This would explain the development of the need to research readiness, resulting from manager's efforts to reduce resistance to change.Again the body of literature exists in this area, yet Ramekins et al (1993, cited in Holt et al, 2007) put forward their argument that any of these, â€Å"strategies designed to help managers avoid resistance, are effective only to the extent which they facilitate employee readiness†. The circular nature of this issue is again illustrated here. The transition of the Traditional HARM philosophy into the personnel management phase transfers its focus from objectives and output into placing value, focus and ultimately having an investment and involvement with he people.To some extent it can be argued that traditionally to date the people management processes within educational setting operate under this philosophy; a large degree of responsibility and autonomous working is put upon the employee's and in response it is hoped that the organization values staffs contributions. General motivational principles (Amazon, etc†¦ ) encourage the involvement of employees in a drive to encourage general commitment to organizational objectives and partnering of aims, especially plans for development, drive forward and ultimately change.Readiness has been looked at with a specific workforce focus; whilst this is important, organizational culture, as explored above, external pressures and the lack of a strategic dimension can also reduce organizational readiness. What impact does this have on the organization's desire to change and move into a market leader position, driving forward its position within the market and gaining an advantage in what is a highly competitive market arena. Oakland and Tanner's Organizational Change Framework Research supporting the model Oakland and Tanner have been instrumental in t he field of research into change

Learning English Across Songs

Learning English through songs, then surely you have ever heard anyone say. But perhaps we will not have a thorough understanding of its importance. In this article, I present and analyze thoroughly the great impact of the method nay. Viec learn English through songs, then surely you have ever heard anyone say. But perhaps we will not have a thorough understanding of its importance. In this article, I present and analyze thoroughly the great impact of this approach. If you look, you will see your beautiful voice, good pronunciation, good pronunciation in spoken English are those who have interest in English song.This demonstrates the method of â€Å"Deep learning† (long memory depth study) that they learned unconsciously through the songs themselves take no notice. Music help you get active with the title in English is difficult as the attachment audio, audio connection, tone up and down †¦ the song's characteristic tone is very rich so we can listen and sing along to pra ctice the pronunciation, and intonation in a sentence. If you practice in a class phonetic phonetics, phonology, then a few times to throw the book is gone.Thing here is to help you practice songs phonetically an extremely interesting and so is naturally higher efficiency will also multiply. According to research psychologists have demonstrated, the human brain can well remember the images. Therefore, when learning to sing, we need to apply this factor can make the Video Karaoke subtitle below to practice. By then we might just see a picture of the song, just might have the answer. If you find the video with beautiful pictures of the singer that you like better. You should not make the audio files or video files on youtube are not only known because they will not have pictures.To remember the song well and effectively, we must understand the content of songs and pronunciation of each word. Thus prior to practice singing, you should check the dictionary to know the meaning of all wor ds and pronunciation of the word. The harder songs, as many new words that you do not know, after the song was all that, you will learn more words. This is a great way to learn vocabulary. You do not learn a single word that was learned in a specific context, with the words that came out of it. So you are also learning the grammar. Let's see what we learn in a sentence of the song â€Å"I swear,† the group All 4 One:I swear by the moon and the stars in the sky and I swear like the shadow that's by your side I see two lines are pretty much repeated in the song. With only two lines alone we have learned a multitude of rules, grammatical structure, vocabulary, pronunciation. Grammar: + â€Å"Stars† is plural, we must have â€Å"s† behind it. + We learn from the world â€Å"in the sky† rather than â€Å"on the sky† + â€Å"Like the shadow† =;gt; we study the structure with the word â€Å"like† to mean â€Å"like† + â€Å"That's by your side† =;gt; we learn to use a structured clause after â€Å"that† add meaning to the word â€Å"shadow† preceding it.Vocabulary: swear, moon, stars, sky, shadow, side =;gt; total of 6 words, a small scratch in two short lines. Pronunciation: the word â€Å"stars† have â€Å"s† should be appended to the word â€Å"print† on the back and sing to â€Å"zin the sky† and the pronunciation of many words in the sentence again. Previously, on television, Mr. Nguyen Quoc Hung MA was also famous for the program to learn English through songs and a lot of lovers. Learn English through songs is very simple, but effective relaxation. I hope this article helps you understand the great value of this study and how to use it in learning English.

Wealth of Nations essays

Wealth of Nations essays In the first book of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith discusses the Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver. Throughout history, these two metals have been regarded as mints of significant value. Before mines were found in America, the difference in value between silver and gold was usually seen as proportionate, where one ounce of fine gold was considered equivalent to anywhere from ten to twelve ounces of fine silver. More recently, the values have changed as much as one ounce of fine gold to be equal to as much as fourteen or fifteen ounces of fine silver. Over the years, it is said that both silver and gold have dropped in value, but the drop of silver has come more rapidly, therefore leading to the reason why gold has become proportionately even more valuable than in the past. Smith does claim, however, that both the gold and silver mines of America exceeded in fertility all those which had ever been known before, the fertility of the silver mines had, it seems, been proportionally still greater than that of the gold ones. As a result of silver being more plentiful in comparison to gold, though it is considered less valuable it is certainly more important in many cases. Adam Smith says that it would be absurd to infer... that ... because an ounce of gold will commonly purchase from fourteen to fifteen ounces silver, that there are commonly in the market only fourteen or fifteen ounces of silver for one ounce of gold. The amount of silver that can be found in the market is in all probability worth more in proportion to gold. Adam Smith feels that the cheaper of the two metals is f both more value and greatness due to the quantity that is accessible. He explains, There are so many more purchasers for the cheap than for the dear commodity that not only a greater quantity of it, but a greater value, can commonly be disposed of. The...

Dance class jounal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dance class jounal - Essay Example Because it is not all the time dancers will have their tutors with them but ought to have heightened level of discipline while exercising as well as attending classes. Initially, dance classes may appear extremely weird to any person who has never attended one though with time the entire session turns out to be extremely interesting. This is only after mastering, starting enjoying respective classes as one mingles and learns more from other dancers who have earned their living through the same besides being international celebrities. For instance, the renowned Michael Jackson who not only was a great musician but also an international dancer known to thrill his international audience with exceptional dancing moves (Davis). Hence, prompting the world at one time calling him â€Å"Dancing Machine† as stated in Davis’ study due to the performer’s remarkable expertise in dancing. This journal seeks to explore, highlight varied dancing aspects already covered during t he ongoing dancing improvisation sessions, my nervousness before the commencement of classes and what the entire process entails. Initially, during the commencement of my dancing classes I experienced extremely state of nervousness. This is because in my life I have never attended such kind of sessions or tried to learn dancing moves in a formal setting except copying new trends after seeing my peers doing them and sometimes from the media. Therefore, dancing improvisation sessions to me during then presented a mixture of emotions though with time I managed to cope with the new them. In most cases, classes in these sessions encompass dancing freely without one claiming to do any given or known style. Hence, give participants adequate time meant for them to be innovative and come up with new moves, which they believe eventually when perfected would be extremely thrilling to the audience. In addition, much of the time availed by tutors who once in awhile join dancers in ensuring they are keeping with their respective practice, is to ensure they develop heightened level of flexibility, which is essential to any individual aspiring to be a talented dancer. Besides dancing classes scheduled by tutors together with their respective managing institutions to teach learners new moves, they avail dancers adequate time meant to discover themselves. This is especially in ascertaining which areas they prove to be innovative as well as exhibit highest level of expertise in order to specialize in them. This is because dancing career has numerous dancing styles, which vary based on culture, region, religion, music genre, generations and others. However, dancers owing to their creativity might come up with new and completely new moves never seen due to the current increasing rate of modernization, which has not only influenced varied global sectors but also how people think. This is especially among youths who are currently extremely innovative compared to those of American er a in 1920s. Consequently, this is the reason the tutor normally checks in once in awhile to ensure dancers are still practicing besides coming up with new strategies meant to arouse creativity in us. For instance, the teacher in many times encourages us to imagine being water, soldier, and animal. The core purpose of this exercise is to show dancers they ought not to develop moves limited within certain entities but to be free even in incorporating

Female gemital circumcision or mutillation Research Paper

Female gemital circumcision or mutillation - Research Paper Example The women are still subjugated and made docile in order to be the minions of men forever. This smacks of the wider agenda on the part of men in those countries to keep silent on the practice so that their supremacy is not threatened. Female genital mutilation is (FGM) a procedure forcibly practiced on girls for non-medical reasons mainly prompted by religious beliefs. This age-old practice has been under severe criticisms for the past more than two decades. It is a deliberate assault on the female body that is physically and psychologically damaging. In the era of human rights, the practice is highly barbaric and condemnable. This paper aims to make a systematic review of literature on the subject ranging from age-old practice, human rights violations to health ramifications. The review should rest with the latest status of the practice and conclude whether it has been completely eradicated, on the decline, on the increase instead or in the same old status and to ascertain what health authorities and human rights enforcement have achieved so far in containing the practice. Various practices include Sunna, Modified Sunna, Clitoridectomy/excision and the most extreme form of infibulations. In Sunna which means tradition in Arabic, prepuce of the clitoris is prickled, slit or removed In Modified Sunna, clitoris is either partially or totally excised. In Clitoridectomy or excision, clitoris is partly or entirely removed as also all parts or part of the labia minora. The extensive scar tissue as a result occludes vaginal opening. In the most extreme form called infibulation or pharoanic circumcision, clitoris is removed and labia minora is excised along with its inner layers (Lightfoot-Klein, 1989). The last of these procedures is followed by stitching of the raw edges with cat gut or even thorns to make the edges adhere together so as to form a scar issue as a bridge to cover the vaginal opening. And some stuff such as silver of wood

Missions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Missions - Essay Example also prevail in the communities under focus.2 Examinations of the service topic signify an association of the aforementioned problems with several areas of human geography such as settlement, population, development, economics, health and culture. Place: Assessments into the severe problems posed by the inaccessibility of water in squatter settlements reveal that collection of water for primarily drinking and other household purposes is conducted via limited means.3 Slum resident have to gather water either through public standpipes or travel considerable distances by feet in search of water that is brought back to their homes in containers.4 These findings indicate that the major obstacles to enhancing water accessibility to slum occupants are; a shortage of direct water supply through pipelines and dispersed locations of water sources, if any are available. To address these issues, the development of local infrastructure such as dams and reservoirs must be undertaken on a small sca le. However, the success of these proposals is highly dependent upon the active involvement of the residents themselves throughout the commencement of the project till its implementation.5 Effects of Monsoon Climate: While, the availability of water in slum, dweller and squatter settlements of Mumbai is scarce it is important to note that the limited quantity of water that is eventually consumed by occupants is contaminated. High water contamination levels in poor communities across Mumbai city are a ramification of problems that are associated with restricted and in some cases inexistent sewer, drainage and sanitation facilities.6 Furthermore, disease outbreaks following heavy monsoon rainfall are caused by the mixing of animal urine with drinking water.7 Health Geography: The grave inequality in the provision of healthcare to poor communities of Mumbai city must be addressed on an immediate basis. The strategy for resolving this aspect of the problem must focus on prevention rathe r than cure.8 Initial procedures to tackle with health issues prevalent in slums must focus on the establishment of medical clinics and units per community that must eventually be increased in quantity. These medical clinics should not only be assigned the task of treating ill residents but should also provide basic healthcare knowledge, awareness and information to residents. Awareness campaigns must be designed with the view of highlighting the importance of personal hygiene and individual initiatives to combat diseases. Human Population Control: Furthermore, community healthcare services should initiate a family planning program9 owing to increasing birth rates in slum and squatter sett

A Maternity Support Worker Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Maternity Support Worker - Assignment Example A Maternity support care and the work of maternity support workers basically entail antenatal care, intrapartum care and postpartum care for women and babies. Antenatal care is care present/ occurring before birth or during pregnancy. It is an important period for future parents to seek support and advice, explore their expectations as for future parents, their fears, concerns, and questions. However, this period is characterized by depression, commonly called antenatal depression/ prenatal depression. Couples are advised and helped about their depression in antenatal classes to prepare them for the possibility of antenatal and postnatal depression. Maternity support care and the work of maternity support workers basically entail antenatal care, intrapartum care and postpartum care for women and babies. Antenatal care is care present/ occurring before birth or during pregnancy. It is an important period for future parents to seek support and advice, explore their expectations as for future parents, their fears, concerns, and questions. However, this period is characterized by depression, commonly called antenatal depression/ prenatal depression. Couples are advised and helped about their depression in antenatal classes to prepare them for the possibility of antenatal and postnatal depression. During such sessions, expectant parents are informed that antenatal and postnatal depressions can happen to any mother or father, are no one’s fault, are taught about the early signs and informed of available help. The healthcare worker in the antenatal stage monitors the women and their relations closely to identify any signs of depression knowing of the fact that most women mask those feelings. This is done for instance by asking the right questions./ antenatal depression can be a precursor to postpartum depression if not tackled. Tackling these depressions help make childbirth and early parenting easy as any stress felt by mother can have negative effects on feta l development which can injure both mother and child. Factors leading to antenatal depression may be an unplanned pregnancy, history of abuse, difficulty becoming pregnant, economic issues, family constraints, relationship with the father, and jobs and responsibilities. Some of the signs and symptoms of antenatal depression are inability to concentrate, difficulty remembering, feeling emotionally numb, sleep problems not related to pregnancy, extreme/ unending fatigue, extreme irritability, a sense of fear about everything, lack of feeding interest or desire to overfeed, feelings of failure/ guilt, persistent sadness, loss of sexual desire, weight loss or gain unrelated to pregnancy, inability to get excited about the baby and form or feel a bond with the baby and thoughts of suicide/ death.

The Definition And Explanation Of Branding Marketing Essay

The Definition And Explanation Of Branding Marketing Essay This essay is about how graphics is able to change the consumers perception about a brands identity. This document summarises how the graphics of the brand is able to create an identity for the brand. The shift from simple products to brands has not been sudden or inevitable. You could argue that it grew out of the standardisation of quality products for consumers in the middle of the 20th century, which required companies to find new ways to differentiate themselves from the competitors. This type of standardisation forced companies to find new ways of distinguishing themselves. Brands such as Chanel have built a contract between the company and the consumer; in fact, the consumer has now become the judge. If the consumer feels that the brand is not for them, they will immediately chose to end the contract with the brand. 1.2 Aim To understand how brands use graphics to entice the consumer. What graphical elements are used to bring in the consumer to the brand? The brands graphics is more than just a logo, or the price of a product, service or organisation, it is also the packaging, the promotions and the advertising, all of which is guided by precisely worded positioning. In advertising, reason informs, but emotion persuades (2011). 1.3 Objectives To identify what branding is perceived as To research the different perspectives of designers, artists and writers in branding To research and understand the graphics in Chanel and Primark To reflect on Primark and Chanel graphics branding and the consumers perceptions 2. Introduction This Chapter was based on the initial research about branding in order to understand what branding does, how it is perceived and understood, thus helping to better understand the basic need of branding and how this is then incorporated into the graphical element of branding. 2.1 The definition and explanation of branding A brand is a persons gut feeling about a product, service or organization. Riston (2004:21) suggested that a brand is not just a logo, an identity or a service. The product is not of existence until the consumer gives it a place in their world of products around him or her. A brands success counts on the individual, not on companies, markets or the public. When the word success is used, it refers to how much the brand is valued by its consumers. What is a gut feeling? Because people are emotional beings, to understand an emotion a person has to feel the emotion, therefore the emotion dictates the gut feeling. In a positive case, a person will feel an emotional bond in their mind. Kotler and Keller (2006:275) assert the importance of understanding how we consumers perceive the brand and what impact a brand identity has on consumer perceptions. One could argue that these ideas relate to brand image, which refer to a brands subjective or perceived attributes. A consumers perception of a brand is vital on how the brand is generally perceived. The image of the brand however is not judged by the product, service or organisation. An experience is the meaning the brand has. Think of the brand as the core meaning of the modern corporation, and of the advertisement as one vehicle used to convey that meaning to the world. (Klein: 2010:5) Naomi Klein refers to the theory of branding as a meaning she says that a brand is a meaning. Klein (2010:6) states that ads where put in place to manipulate the buyer/user to thinking that their lives will be incomplete without their product, service or organization. She says we buy brands, not products. For example, mobiles instead of mail, television instead of the radio, light bulbs instead of oil lamps and so on. Being innovative is not enough; you need a strong advertising method to accomplish a successful brand. Advertisements need to be strong enough to create a bond with the public. Advertising becomes the bridge between the public and the product. Advertising plays a very big part in how the consumer visualises the brand. 2.2 The graphics in branding Why isnt a brand just product? Because a product is made in the factory and a brand is a meaning, made in the mind of a human being, this is why when we combine the product and the brand we are able visualise a sense of emotion but communicate the idea through the media of graphic design (Gavin Ambrose: 5:2006) Ken smith, Sandra Moriarty, Gretchen Barbatsis and Keith Kenney attempt to identify and describe the field of visual communication (2005:10). One of the most important pieces of the visual communication puzzle is aesthetics. The nature and beauty of aesthetics are a language in itself, they question how it is so meaningful to the human eye is mystery. It is suggested that, because of the nonverbal nature of aesthetics, what can be written is only speculation about the nature of visual aesthetics and cannot therefore be of visual aesthetics itself. Malcolm Barnard also questions whether this type of communication can classed as nonverbal (2002:29). Barnard states that the importance of the transmission process, if the messenger does not receive the message that it was trying to portray, then a part of the communication process may have failed in either its medium, or delivery method. The aesthetics of graphics maybe seen as a voice of its own, graphics plays an important role in a bra nds identity. Kevin Budelmann, Yang Kim, Curt Wozniak (2010:7) discuss how a brand is made up of different elements. It is just not the logo the makes the brand. The brand is built from the colour of the envelope the companies distribute to the song that plays whilst customers wait on the telephone. Gavin Ambrose, Paul Harris (2010:10) has raised- you need to get someone to check the grammar and spelling awareness of how the packaging of a brand is important. For many brands the first interaction a consumer has with a brand is the package. Paul Harris (2010: 10) talks about how the feel of the brand gives to the consumer is a secondary interaction. The primary interaction is visual interaction and is the first connection a consumer has with the brand. What does this mean and who said it? Does it need a reference? One may argue that packaging is not only a part of the brand but it is a part of the overall graphic communication. The brain recognises shapes first then colour which helps trigger emotion. Although its easily said, the requirement of the right colour is necessary. Why? Because being selective helps build awareness and expresses individuality. Line, colour, tone, text and layout are what visual communication is all about. We need this method to distinguish a personality of style. Without it we are black and white. Colours represent a mood. In 1923 Kandinsky proposed that there was a universal relationship between three basic shapes and the three primary colours (shown below in figure 1). He believed that the colour yellow and the shape of the triangle to be the most dynamic and active through to the passive cold blue circle. (Gavin Ambrose: 2006:15) Even though the human has not discovered all the colours possible we are able to relate a colour to an emotion, brand or company. Just as a country has a flag to represent its self, we are only able to understand which country it belongs to by the colour or the logo. Red and white is common them present in many of the top brands around the world. When the grocer first went on sale in January 1862 (2012), there was no Coca-Cola. There was no Cadbury, no Heinz, and No Hovis. Many of the brands we know today, love or hate them, use them daily without thought or pointedly avoid, were not. Coca-Cola is one of the biggest world providers. They have the most successful branded value in the global branding industry. Consider for instance a can of coke-a-cola: means are to hold the liquid. Whereas coca cola (brand) holds a set of values related to the product. If separate, the brand from the package you are left with a mental container, a set of fonts, colour and graphics. These together crea te a brand thus giving the brand value. (Gavin Ambrose, Paul Harris: 2010:14) Advertisers Chris Creative Legacy Agency (CLA) believes the core essences for branding is the brand recognition. Without in-depth branding, your company gets no direction, what matters is how you get the customer engage. He believes that the brand needs to build a curiosity and an experience. Connecting the consumer with an experience is what builds the brands recognition. Brand does not have a real definition. The importance of having a brand is delivering the core message. Using different market material and communication and the way you present yourself will help bring the foundation of a structured brand. people are also rational beings why dont you mention branding as a rational solution to a problem? branding as a solution to the problem of how we give meaning to products and companies? (EXPAND) 2.3 Brand identity Rita Clifton (2009: 34) peruses the ideology of brand measurement by power. Brand valuation is an attempt to attribute part of the total value of a firm brand. Nevertheless, brand equity- Especially for brands like Microsoft or Google as opposed to a product, such as Chanel or Primark is like a reputation (it cannot be brought or sold). A brand identity builds and creates awareness for a business. When an individual has trust in a brand they help the buyer to create strong loyalties, dedication and meaningful relations. A brands value is dependent on reliability and delightfulness the brand is able to deliver. This sort of status cannot be sold, where as a trademark can be sold. The importance of economic value is also a perspective that some may argue has an impact of how a brand is perceived by the consumer. Rita Clifton (2009:17) talks how there are far more interest in the brands recognition than there was ten years ago. But there is still an ignorance and misunderstanding of ma ny of the issues. Without the value the brand will not be successful. Jan Lindeman in chapter three of the book brands in branding, talks about how the market value has quadrupled from less than twenty-per cent in 1975 to eighty per cent in 2005. Marty (2006:8) agrees that our society has moved from mass production to an economy of mass customization. Our purchasing choice has multiplied. Another example is Cadburys chocolate, without its branding logo, colour it is just a chocolate bar. The foiled packaging alone would keep the chocolate bar fresh but would result in half of the branded value that Cadburys chocolate has with its packaging Similarly Marty explains how on one side of the business you have your analytic, linear, logical thinking. On the other side the creative thinkers who like to see things emotionally that are intuitive. Marty (2006:20) puts his view on how the best brands are created when a strategic side and supported by the creative. When people start to believe there is no substitute for a brand that is when you know the brand is desirable. On the other had when you compare a product, service or organisation to another you understand that the product, organisation or service you have brought into, can be substituted by another brand. Charismatic brands such as Chanel have successfully created trust and social statuses within peoples minds. The meaning is constructed and communicated by the designer and communicated through the clothing to then conduct the message to the consumers. Likewise another brand which has also created a meaning in their consumers beliefs is the brand Primark. Apple has been able to use the power of fashion and trend to their advantage. Bill Halal (2011) explains how Steve Jobs is a genius at minimalist designs that integrate technology breakthroughs to fill a newly emerging need with unusual style. He thinks success requires listening to the technology in order to discover the potential products waiting to be invented. Any brand can be charismatic but you have to be different to the rest of the competition out there. Otherwise your brain will just filter though, and your brand will become just another brand. In an article written by Mathew Jones (2007) the scientific researcher, writes about explains that all behavioural episodes occur in a distinct spatial context: where we are, has a profound effect on what we do, particularly if we associate the place with a specific event or stimulus. Our brains function so we can spot the difference but also spot the obvious. Through the lifespans of humans, we have gone to many stages of discovering , featuring, experiencing and now identifying what is different. 3. The market Perry Marashal (2006:1) Google can bring thousands of visitors to your website twenty-four hours a day, 7 days a week, or the entire year. Whether eating breakfast, on the go, taking a phone call or daydreaming. The market is now all about creating tribes. People join different tribes for different activities; this helps them to be accepted in a particular social group. These particular groups have been created to separate personalities. A person who likes to read may always turn to amazon. A person who buys electronics may always turn to apple. To be different you have to be focused and create a vivid image aimed at your target audience. The questions a brand must ask of it are: who or what it is and why it is the way it is. So Chanel we all know is a fashion brand that is a successful brand because of the unique user experience it provides. It has become loyal to customers through time. A brand is more successful when it is able to think long term and retain its focus in the brand not the amount of profit. Listening to the brand is important not to the market. Short term profit is not what creates a brands value. The value grows when long term focus is in place. A basic brand model either is the company selling many items, or a company selling to companies to max publicity. A brand is like architecture. It requires logic and beauty to be the best of the best. Nor can a brand be valued if it does not have networks!?!!!?!?!?!?!?! (WHAT DOES THAT MEAN)(reference) Creativity is what gives a brand its power in the market (reference). Companies find it difficult to manage both the strategy and the creativity. You need a balance of both tools to build a strong brand. The reason why companies like Selfridges are valued is that they did not do what every other company does. They created a unique customer experience. Remember the customer is always right! Kotler and Keller (2006:275) say that although competitors may easily duplicate the manufacturing processes and product defines, they cannot match creativity and innovation. Innovation is key to omnipresent the point of view that is dynamic and fantastic. We need innovation in creating the identity of a brand. Without innovation we are like a car with no petrol. We do not move forward and people become bored of the repetitiveness of the usual cycle. Just like in life we need a change day to day otherwise our emotions are tied to being drain and depressed. You have to treat a brand like a human, you need to nurture it until is able to stand up on its two feet. The initial beginning of creating a brands identity is by its logo giving the brand name. The name requires being memorable, protective and likeable. Not forgetting the spelling and pronunciation to be easy. In the market industry, the phrase brand equity is to describe the value of having a well-known brand name. The idea is based on that the owner of a well-established brand name can generate more profit from products with their brand name than from products from a less well-known name. You may also call brand equity as brand value or brand recognition. (Aker: 1991). A great name deserves great graphics. A clear understanding of the key terms used in graphic design will help to articulate and formalise your ideas and ensure accuracy in the transfer of those ideas to others. (Paul Harris, Gavin Ambrose: 2006:7). Graphic design is a discipline that continues to evolve. Ambrose shows how technology has affected communications in the past and how it continues to do so. (Paul Harris, Gavin Ambrose: 2006:274) Coupled with this is the ever-changing taste and preference of society. Which in the 20th century, gives arise to how information should be presented. In many schools and universities across the board, this has become a disciplinary act. So what comes next? Behind shape and colour, the brain takes time to process language. You need a strategy to survive in the big wide world of brands. A logo is able to work across many languages and cultures. It is socially powerful enough to stand alone. We now use the gender to process the message and communicate it but then to pass it on to the gender again, before we would use the gender to pass on the message for other people to receive it We as people need to able to communicate ideas effectively and this is where many businesses fail to be valued. This tends to happen because they manipulate the public into something they are not. It is like receiving your goods and the service or product does not reach its expectations and is obvious. It isnt a sin to manipulate the public but if it isnt done using the right method it will become unsuccessful. We need to be able utilise a successful strategically method to become successful. Packaging is the last chance to build your brand. Make it fun! Why do we use packaging in so many different and odd ways? Many of the companies these days use a varied range of eco-friendly materials and methods to show that they are re-cycling back into the community. They use this as a unique selling point, which also helps the companys costs, sales and advertising. Although this method has been rinsed out we have now created the idea of customer involvement. The Niche market is now able to take the lime light from the big brands to use it as a unique selling point for maximising brand value not profit. Brands that use this strategy will benefit from sales and emotional bonds resulting in a higher value which would mean a more successful, trusted brand. According to Alina weeler (2012), we continue to invest in our core strengths. First, we dont skim on understanding the consumer. Second is innovationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And third is brandingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Were delivering more messages to our consumers WHAT A POOR PICTURE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Alina Wheeler (2012:6) http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zFc7Vs9QyC4/TzUsU2Z6XjI/AAAAAAAAaUE/B62UEI-wKFI/s320/coco-chanel1.jpg 4. IntroductionConceptCHANELChanel spring/summer 2013Karl Lagerfeld V Magazine, 2002 Chanel and Primark are two strong brands on opposite sides of the economic market trade. Primark is Cheap and cheerful as one would say whereas Chanel is luxurious and expensive. The aim of this research is to understand how the graphics adds to the brands identity. This chapter studies Chanels history and current brand identity. The reason why this chapter will investigate the historical and current brands identity is to understand why Chanels possible reasons of brand value and its consumers perceptions. 4.1 Chanel Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street; fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. (Coco Chanel: 2010). Chanel has a strong influence on its target audience. Chanel did not design well for women because she was a woman. She invented how modern women should dress because she epitomised the independent rule breaking women. Caroline Rennolds Milbank (2005:27) suggests that Coco Chanels clothing range was basic. These inspirational quotes give Chanels brand an identity and meaning. According to Ritson (2004:21), a perception is subjective, supported by the individual consumers values, needs, beliefs or experiences. Laforet S (2010:213) views the role of brands in building corporate reputation, over time through advertising and communication. Gabrielle Coco Bonheur Chanel (August 19, 1883 January 10, 1971) was a French fashion designer and founder of the Chanel brand. She was the only fashion designer to appear on Time magazines list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Chanel had a desire to rise above her common origins. Her talent and dedication unveiled her to a successful business and social prominence. Her professional life gave her a platform for the social class society. (2011:45) According to Forbes, the house of Chanel is partly in ownership with Alain Wertheimer and Gerard Wertheimer (grandsons of the early partner Pieerre Wertheimer (Forbes: 2011) reference) Chanel designs S.A.S designs, manufactures and retail fashion. (reference) 4.2 Target audience Chanel has always specialised in items such as simple suits, dresses, womens pants and costume jewellery too. Coco Chanels designs and creations are timeless. (Publication march 4/2011). Chanel represents women who want to be stylish, simple and elegant. Teo jia En views Chanels brand as a very strong brand (2010:7) 4.3 Micro analysis Strength Strong brand image: The story of Coco Chanel, who famously said fashion passes, style remains: Conveys a very strong message of Chanels timeless elegance. Cult Designer Karl Lagerfeld he has known to change nothing but everything for Chanel Beauty is in the detail Chanel is famous for its tweed material, detailed chain, and embroidery 4.4 Macro analysis Technology Macala Wright explains that all luxury brands have challenges with creating a connected consumer experience, especially in the automotive sector. Imhoff advises that, in addition to a companys main web presence on social media sites like Facebook and Twitter, they must also participate in forums where consumers have built communities celebrating their passion for the companys products. We always participate in an authentic and transparent manner building a solid connection between our consumers and our brand shared Imhoff. (2012) Social The consumer believes the value of the one who is wearing Chanel bag has a higher value than the one who is not wearing such a brand. The consumer feels the brand equity increases their social value Political Piracy of this bag has decreased the amount of sales Chanel could potentially have. The New York times makes a point that fake bags can function as free advertising for the real thing. I believe that people who buy fake designer handbags may decide to buy the real thing when their income increases. 4.5 Market position Chanels financial expert estimates that Chanel had a third of of Frances fashion and luxury goods sector in 2008 with an estimated value of $10.3 billion. The luxury leader Karl Lagerfeld is an inspirational creative director for Chanel. He himself has created a very strong brand image for Chanel. At the 2010 International Herald Tribune Luxury conference in London (2010), Imran Amed interviews Karl Largerfield. Karl Lagerfeld says Chanels market reputation is judged by the consumers perception not by the market. To him market value does not matter. He is a true believer of consumers perceptions as top priority, you need to be connected to be informed. Kotler and Keller (2006:174) explain that successful brand identity strategies require that organisation fully connect with their consumers. In relation to that Belch and Belch (2004:113) expand on the point of how consumers use information from other sources can be just as important in creating a brand identity strategy. 4.6 Chanels competitors/analysis Louis Vuitton established sine 1854 is one of the main fashion brands of 2012, alongside Gucci who manges over 425 stores over the whole world are strong competitors for Chanel. According to Brandz valuation 2010 Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Hermes have managed to take place of the top three brands, Chanel coming in fourth. These top three brands specialise in leather, whereas Chanel does not. Chanel dropped sales by 13 percent, whilst the other top three leading enjoyed the lime light. THIS HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH BRANDING?! IS IT RELEVANT? http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/image-library/land/500/p/primark-logo.jpg 5. Introduction http://www.primark.co.uk/multimedia/homepage/home-page-spring-2013/spring2013_webpage_jpegs_uk8.jpg?w=492http://www.catwalkqueen.tv/assets_c/2009/01/Primark%20Spring%20Summer%202009%201-thumb-480748-127835.jpg This chapter looks at how Primark use graphics to enhance their brands identity and the historical origins of Primark. This will add an additional and alternative perspective to what the consumers perceive to be a brands identity. 5.1 Primark Primark is an Irish clothing retailer, operating in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Primark is part of Associated British Foods (ABF), a diversified International food WHAT IS THIS!? Primark sells clothes at the budget end of the market. The company sources cheaply, using simple designs and fabrics in the most popular sizes and buys stock in bulk. All of the companys merchandise is made specifically for the company and as such Primark has its own brand names. Within both menswear and ladies wear there is one main brand name that supplies most of the fashion labels, which are added to by other suppliers. Primark Stores Ltd, an Irish upstart and subsidiary of Associated British Foods, is second largest clothing retailer in terms of sales and revenue with its existence mainly in Ireland, UK, Spain and expanding further in the Europe. It is believable that soon it will become leading clothing retailer. As this budget, chain grows further out into other parts of the world. It is performing just as well here in Europe. The Manchester Evening News (2012) states that Primark has continued to resist Europes economic woes after an exceptional year in which it racked up  £3.5bn in sales and created 10,000 new jobs. 5.2 Strategic marketing analysis Using different analysis tools reveal that Primark is expanding globally and increasing its presence in the global market; Primark has adopted an approach of Think globally, Act locally as stated by Armstrong, (2006). Primark are expanding globally, but cater needs of the local consumers as well as the current fashion trends in their particular westernized local culture. Primark supports UKs global role by showcasing the best of British fashion to a global customers as well as it reflects how it builds social cohesion and business ethics between customers and its suppliers. Considering Primark has spent next to nothing on their advertising, this statement also maybe support Van den Heever (2000:11), He believes that a brand is not a name, logo, sign, symbol, advertisement or spokesperson. A brand is everything that an organisation wants people, obviously its target market being one of the main aspects, to understand, communicate a meaning about its product and services. 5.3 Target audience Primark have clear understanding demands of their customers. Primarks market segment is the fashion conscious people under-35s with the slogan Look good, pay less. Primark has chosen cost leadership strategy; it means that Primark has a cost privilege over competitors. 5.4 Micro Analysis Cheap price clothing, Primark is known for its cheap prices, The independent News( 2012), states that Primarks retail gross margins rose by 300 basis points. Total retail sales rose by 46 per cent to  £146.5m. Nick Robertson (2012), chief executive, said: It is challenged in the UK. But fortunately we sell to 20-somethings all over the world. Primark can choose competitive prices and produce quality clothing. So right price for the right product will increase the customers satisfaction Primark is on a larger scale than a lot of retailers, and employ over 20,000 employees they have become a part of a lot of peoples lives, they create a connection with their consumers by mass employment 5.6 Macro Analysis Political factors Primarks business polices are subject to government in order to sustain the smooth running of its business Economical, the company has established itself by providing its target consumers with affordable products. The pestle anaylsis (2012) says that Primark have analysed the price of the products of its competitors and then have taken advantage of their price during recession. Their exporting, importing and manufacturing prices are so low, they are able to make profit regardless of the economical downfall Social analysis Social analysis is focused on the demographic changes that might influence the product in the new buying perceptions of the market. The taste and buying target consumer population is the business priority. When other brands launches a new marketed product, Primark surely finds a cheaper alternative for their consumers Technology An article on Marketing Plan, refers the idea of how technology does effect a business how a social or economic factor would. With innovation, technology is able to create a smoother process of maybe a product transaction or improve the quality of the products. Primark could improve the transaction process, as their ques are miles long. If this is improved with the help of technology, the economical profits will be maximised, and social value will increase, as it will be seen worn on more people It can also lessen the unethical working behaviour such as shoplifting which is very commonly occurred in Primark stores. 5.6 Market position Primark offers innovative, fashionable clothes at value-for-money prices. Like many retail fashion businesses, Primark does not manufacture goods itself: it works with its suppliers to produce goods to Primarks specification. Primark relies on low costs, economies of scale and efficient distribution to maintain its competitive market position. 5.7 Primarks Competitors/analysis Like any other business, Primark is also facing tough competition from George at ASDA, Tesco, Marks Spencer, TK Max, Costco, Next, Zara, New Look, Peacock and Matalan. Analysis for each major competitor determines that Primark has better business strength and high market share. It has good financial strengths and high profitability but relatively poor quality of management and low standards of technology position. Primark is paying least attention to its marketing strategies. Marketing represents boundary between marketplace and company, and knowledge of current and emerging happenings in marketplace is extremely important in strategic planning exercise. WHY HAVE YOU ANALYSED IT LIKE A BUSINESS? WHY ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS? WHY IS THIS RELEVANT? 6. Advertising According to Jon Steel (1988:5), the most effective advertising involves consumers in two different but critical ways. Number one, it needs to involve them in the process of developing the communication, their feelings, habits, motivations, and desires all have to be explored and understood both how the product fits into their lives and how they might respond to different advertising messages. Jon (1988:8) follows on explaining the