Great Gatsby, Animal farm or When I Whistle Essay - 1

Extraordinary Gatsby, Animal homestead or When I Whistle - Essay Example Utilizing Nicks discernments, the essayist proposes the twisting and selling out of that fantasy. Gatsby seeks after riches and assets so as to understand his fantasy about recovering a lost love, a unimportant deception. The extravagant society wherein they exist looks down on common individuals in the Valley of Ashes (image of soil and destitution). The rival, Tom Buchanan shows us, by how he lives, that he has ruined the fantasy, devastated its respectability, has changed and solidified, Both Orwell and Fitzgerald have incorporated a political perspective, of their individual social orders; Animal Farm reflecting how Communism annihilated the communist dream, Gatsby, how the well off have mutilated the unadulterated perfect of Capitalism. Utilizing the words, contemplations and activities of their characters, they present their perspectives, with sensational impacts both on the accounts and their perusers. The activity drives forward to severe endings in the two cases. While time and spot are significant, the issues of insidiousness, misfortune, catastrophe and defilement rise above - they can happen whenever, anyplace. The two stories speak to telling social and good remark on how influence and riches can decimate societys In Animal Farm, the essayist describes, outside of the activity, a clearly unprejudiced onlooker. In spite of the creatures talking like people, his lucidity of language makes this worthy. At the point when Old Major dreams, at that point shows the creatures Beasts of England, requesting that they look for opportunity, to revolt, the seed is planted for heroes and peruser, flagging what's to come. Orwell delineates the fantasies disintegration, presenting underhanded, utilizing Napoleons hostile handle of intensity, demonstrating different creatures, the canines, as devices used to expel Snowball. Squealer and Napoleon are the gadgets by which the author shows how force can degenerate, how creatures/individuals can be tricked. Fighter the pony shows this, announcing Napoleon is in every case right, regardless of killings and disciplines dispensed, purportedly for supporting Snowball, who is additionally accused when

Mao vs. the Mahatma Violence vs. Non-Violence free essay sample

An investigation of the issues of brutality versus peacefulness in the instances of Mao Tse Dung and Mohandas K. Gandhi. The paper gauges the issues of brutality versus peacefulness and shows the lives and narratives of Mao Tse Dung of China and Gandhi of India as models. The paper talks about these two heads who managed broadly in the course of their lives with the battle among savagery and peacefulness. It shows that on a superficial level, Chairman Mao embraced viciousness and utilized it as a device to overcome a multitude of 4,000,000, gain control over a nation with a trillion dollar economy and hold power for a long time, and that Gandhi rose to control while driving a quiet unrest among the 600 million Indian residents Hindus and Muslims the same that brought about a huge number of Indian passings, not very many British passings, however in the end in Indian autonomy and making of the biggest majority rule government on the planet. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mao versus the Mahatma: Violence versus Peacefulness or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Yet, to be sure, Gandhi knew there was a spot for savagery too. In a much overlooked move, Gandhi basically deferred Indias tranquil upheaval at the beginning of World War II. He perceived Nazi Germany as a considerably more malicious power than the British Empire, in the entirety of their majestic hopelessness, would ever be. Thus, he drove the development for Indians not exclusively to quit opposing the British during World War II, yet to really follow their requests. Truth be told, India entered the war itself and was especially useful to Britain in the North African crusades.

Circus Mirror Effect Social Anxiety and Friendships

Circus Mirror Effect Social Anxiety and Friendships Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print The Circus Mirror Effect: Social Anxiety and Friendships By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on March 23, 2018 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Colin Andersen/Getty Images Over a lifetime, most people have experienced looking at themselves in a fun-house mirror. Perhaps you looked really tall, really fat, maybe you were all zig-zaggy. But you knew that it was just an optical illusion and that when you stepped outside the fun-house, you were back to your normal self. What if that fun-house effect lasted 4 hours a day? What if you actually thought that was the way that you looked? A November 2014 study published in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology suggests that people with social anxiety disorder are stuck with those fun-house misperceptions 24 hours a day when it comes to how they view their friendships. The researchers were interested to examine perceptions of friendships both by people with social anxiety and their friends because we know that those with SAD tend to be biased in how they perceive situations. In other words, they tend to always view themselves in a negative light. They examined these issues among 77 people diagnosed with SAD, and 63 people from the community, and looked at both friendships in general, and specific friendships. Results of the study suggested that social anxiety disorder negatively affects self-perceptions of the quality of specific friendships, but that friends of people with SAD dont see the friendships in such a negative light. The effects of having SAD were most evident for younger people and those with shorter duration friendships. Were are there any differences reported by friends of people with SAD? Yes. They said they were less dominant in the friendship and less well-adjusted. Overall, these findings are consistent with what we know about SAD; it does affect friendships, but those with the disorder tend to blow those effects out of proportion. In other words, yes people think you are a little quiet and perhaps a little anxious, but they still enjoy having you as a friend! Digging a bit into some related research, we find that indeed these effects of SAD on friendships are supported. In another November 2014 study published in Anxiety Stress Coping, researchers found that among children aged 7 to 13 years, those with social anxiety disorder and their friends reported lower overall friendship quality than those with other types of anxiety disorders. In other words, while those with SAD may have blown-out-of-proportion negative perceptions of their friendships, there is indeed some unique impact of having SAD on these friendships, that doesnt occur with other types of anxiety. This makes sense, from the perspective that social anxiety is all about the fear of being around people! In a June 2014 study published in the Journal of Anxiety Disorders, researchers found that among children aged 7 to 12 years, children who gave a verbal presentation in an anxious manner versus a confident one were liked more when they acted confidently. However, this finding was significantly greater among those who did not have SAD than those who did. In other words, kids who were socially anxious were more understanding when other kids acted in an anxious manner, than were kids who didnt suffer from SAD. What does all of this mean if you experience social anxiety? Its possible other people like you more than you realize. However, you probably do have some impairments in your friendships that wouldnt be present if you had a different type of anxiety disorder. And, if you know other people with social anxiety, they probably understand you (and perhaps accept you) in a way that people without the disorder might not. Not to say that your friendships with non-anxious people arent good. In fact, they are probably much better than you realize. What can we do to improve friendships among people with SAD? In an August 2014 study published in Community Practice, a 12-week group intervention called FUN FRIENDS was shown to enable children aged 4 to 7 with symptoms of anxiety to become more self-sufficient, and in turn, develop greater emotional and social skills. From the FUN FRIENDS  website, the program helps kids to: normalize feelings of anxietylearn skills to cope with stress, challenges, and changeincrease emotional resilience and problem-solvingbuild friendships and support networksbuild confidence and self-esteem Through the program, children learn the importance of being a good friend to themselves (when they are feeling anxious) and how having friends can be of support when needed. The program is tailored for ages 4 to 16 and is delivered by teachers and other adult figures. If you have a child with social anxiety, you may wish to look into having this program implemented in your school. If you are an adult with social anxiety, you can use other strategies to work on the areas described above. For example, acceptance and commitment therapy may help you to normalize feelings of anxiety, while mindfulness meditation may help to increase your emotional resilience. When it comes to the importance of friendship and building social support networks, you may consider joining a support group specifically geared toward those with social anxiety. As described previously, those are the people are likely to be most understanding of the struggles that you face. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

The Orlando Nightclub Shooting Essay - 2095 Words

The Orlando nightclub shooting in Florida on June 12, 2016 was the single largest massacre in U.S history, taking the lives of 50 individuals, including the shooter himself, and injuring 53 others. This is one extreme example of the gun violence that has been occurring in this country, but mass shootings like this and the one at Newton in 2012 are only a small part of our gun violence issue. The everyday gun violence that takes place in cities all across the United States claims the lives of thousands every single year. According to The Guardian, 33,500 civilians die each year because of gun brutality- â€Å"that’s about 1 life every 15 minutes† (Beckett). Between the years of 1999 and 2013, there were 464,003 gun deaths in the U.S, about 58% of them were suicides 37% were homicides. (ProCon.org) Gun violence and the consequences of that violence, have become a real and dangerous problem in the U.S , why else would the CDC list the United States as having the highe st rate of gun violence out of all developed countries today? (Gale Opposing Viewpoints) This issue is not just attributable to a single factor, there are several that play an important part in why gun violence is such an issue in the U.S, namely laws and poverty; and in these causes we can also find solutions. One of the factors that plays a role in this issue is poverty. Poverty can define all those who make less than the federal government s threshold,â€Å"for a family of four, this threshold is $24,000†(PovertyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis On The Orlando Nightclub Shooting Essay1794 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction This research paper’s purpose is to examine how the media is received, based on an audience analysis on the Orlando nightclub shooting in June 2016. His follows on from the findings of a content analysis on the same topic and used to understand how both the public and the media represent the shooter, Omar Mateen. An audience analysis is used to determine how the public and viewers responded to media content and is used to shape media content (Napoli, 2012, pp.79). A survey respondedRead MoreThe Orlando Gay Nightclub Shooting Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough only few instances of homophobic crimes are reported, FBI statistics show that attacks on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, queer, questioning, intersex, asexual, ally, and pansexual (LGBT+) community, such as the Orlando gay nightclub shooting, are one of the common occurrences, right behind racial attacks (Saul). LGBT people have made outstanding progress on their goal to reach equality. For example, same-sex couples now have the right to adopt children in all the statesRead MoreThe Death Of Omar Mateen Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesOn June 12, 2016 a 29 year old man named Omar Mateen walked into Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida and killed 50 people and wounded 53 people. Omar Mateen was a security guard wanting a future in law enforcement. Pulse is a popular gay nightclub and Mateen entered the nightclub around 2 a.m. with both a handgun and a rifle. He began shooting anyone and everyone in the dark and loud nightclub while people ran to hide and protect themselves from getting shot. Some people used bodies around them toRead MoreThe Bombing Of Orlando Nightclub1656 Words   |  7 PagesOn June 12th, 2016 in the nightclub in Orlando Florida visitation when it s one of the deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in the history of the United States. This tragedy happened inside an Orlando nightclub called paws which happen to be a gay nightclub in Orlando Florid a. The individual who assaulted helpless nightclub was 29-year-old American security guard Omar meteen. People believe that Omar was acting and a terrorist mindset. This is also called the second deadliest terrorist attackRead MoreMass Shooting At A Gay Night Club Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesThe 2016 Orlando shooting at a gay night club is the largest mass shooting to take place in the United States of America (Duff, 2016, p. 193). It gained international media coverage and took social media by storm. Many theories can be applied to the shooting, specifically the strain theory and routine activity theory (Levin Madfis, 2009, p. 1227). The Shooting In the early morning of June 12, 2016, a single shooter killed 49 people and wounded an additional 53 people at a Pulse, a popular gayRead MoreMedia Influences On Our Perception, Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs1650 Words   |  7 PagesMedia informs and influences us, as well as it impacts our perception, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about certain things that take place. June 12, 2016 was a tragic night at Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old security guard, initiated a terrorist attack, killing 49 people and wounding 53. He used an AR-15-style rifle and a handgun to carry out the attack. The hate crime took place just shortly before the club was supposed to close. When people started hearingRead MoreCorruption Or Truth : Westboro Baptist Church1115 Words   |  5 Pages(Wikipedia). The westboro Baptist Church’s first public service was held on November 27, 1955(Wikipedia). This was the first time the church publicly condemned the w orld. Most recently the Westboro Baptist Church have agreed with the shooting at the Pulse Night Club in Orlando, Florida stating that God sent Omar Mateen to kill the gays because â€Å"God hates fags.† While other churches preach about loving one another as god has loved them, the westboro baptist church states that people should love one anotherRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Mass Shootings772 Words   |  4 PagesOctober, there have been 350 mass shootings in the United States in 2017 alone. With data from the Mass shooter tracker, it shows that from 2013-2017 2,592 people were killed and another 7,305 people were left wounded. The federal Bureau of investigators defines a mass shooting as â€Å"the murdering of four or more people with no ‘cooling off’ period between murders.† Mass shootings are at the center of most debates when it comes to cum control laws. A mass shooting can take place anywhere from an airportRead MoreMass Shooting Essay704 Words   |  3 Pages Mass shooting are very sad and scary events. They happen by surprise. No one ever expects shootings to occur. Tons of innocent people are killed in everyone of them. The U.S has a total of 273 total mass shootings since January 1st. In 2015 there was a total of 372 shootings in the U.S. Since 2010 there has been 142 school shootings. The five deadliest mass shooting were at Las vegas, Pulse nightclub, Virginia Tech, Sandy Hooks Elementary school and Luby Cafeteria. Out of those five, four of themRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control1153 Words   |  5 Pagesstrictly enforced it will only create more mass shootings. They make the point that if there was stricter gun control many people would still be living, but their lives have been cut short because of mass shootings. The editorial board is correct when they go on to say enough is enough and we need to figure out a way to stop these mass shootings (â€Å"Editorial: We†). However, the board is not correct when they make the statement that putting an end to mass shooting is going to be solved by banning firearms

The Ugly Secret of Research Paper for Sale

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Common risks, threats, and vulnerabilities Essay Free Essays

1. What are some common hazards. menaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Common risks, threats, and vulnerabilities Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now and exposures normally found in the LAN-to-WAN Domain that must be mitigated through a superimposed security scheme? A superimposed security scheme will embrace Rouge protocols such as Bit excavation and P2P. Unauthorized web scanning and examining. and unauthorised entree to the web. 2. What is an Access Control List ( ACL ) and how is it utile in a superimposed security scheme? An ACL is a Control list which will let or deny traffic or devices based on specifications defined in the ACL. This ACL by and large is applied and configured on Firewalls. It is utile in a superimposed security attack because from an External point of view it become the first line of defence when hosts attempt to link to the web. 3. What is a Bastion Host? Provide an illustration of when a Bastion Host should be used and how. A â€Å"Bastion Host† is a host that is minimally configured package firewall incorporating merely necessary software/services. These are besides referred to as bare metal or â€Å"lite† and is managed to be overly secure through a minimalist attack. All traffic coming is directed to the Bastion or â€Å"screened host† . Outbound traffic is non sent through it. The most common menace to the Bastion Host is to the operating system that is non hardened with extra security applications. 4. Supply at least two illustrations of how the enclave demand to put a firewall at the margin can be accomplished. a. Puting a firewall between two routers and another firewall before a DMZ would be the best demand pick to utilize 5. What is the difference between a traditional IP Stateful Firewall and a Deep Packet Inspection Firewall? a. IP Stateful firewall review takes topographic point in bed 4. when traffic efforts to track the firewall a requested a beginning port and a finish port brace become portion of the session leting the beginning to have information. Stateful review firewalls solve the exposure of allowing all the high numbered ports by making a tabular array incorporating the outbound connexions and their associated high numbered port ( s ) . b. Firewalls utilizing deep package review provides sweetenings to Stateful firewalls’ Stateful firewall is still susceptible to assail even if the firewall is deployed and working as it should be. By adding application-o riented logic into the hardware. basically uniting IDS into the firewall traffic. Deep Packet Inspection uses an Attack Object Database to hive away protocol anomalousnesss and onslaught traffic by grouping them by protocol and security degree. 6. How would you supervise for unauthorised direction entree efforts to sensitive systems? Acl’s and audit logs can be leveraged to corroborate which station is trying to do the unauthorised connexion. 7. Describe Group ID ( Vulid ) : V-3057 in the Network IDS/IPS Implementation Guide provided by DISA? A direction waiter is a centralised device that receives information from the detectors or agents 8. What is the significance of VLAN 1 traffic within a Cisco Catalyst LAN Switch? Describe the exposures associated if it traverses across unneeded bole. VLAN1 traffic will incorporate the STP or crossing tree traffic. CDP traffic. and Dynamic trunking traffic to call a few. If unneeded traffic traverses the bole it could do the switch instability doing it to travel down or go inoperable. 9. At what logging degree should the syslog service be configured on a Cisco Router. Switch. or Firewall device? Syslogs traps should be configured at degrees 0-6. Loging Level 2 10. Describe how you would implement a superimposed. security scheme within the LAN-to-WAN Domain to back up authorised remote user entree while denying entree to unauthorised users at the Internet ingress/egress point. To implement a superimposed security scheme for distant user entree. we would get down with an application based login. such as a VPN -SSL hallmark so pair it with LDAP on a radius or Tacacs+ service. LDAP is bound to Active directory which will leverage Role based entree controls to look into group permissions. 11. As defined in the Network Infrastructure Technology Overview. Version 8. Let go of 3. describe the 3 beds that can be found in the DISA Enclave Perimeter layered security solution for Internet ingress/egress connexions ( i. e. . DMZ or Component Flow ) . 3 types of beds found in the Enclave Perimeter Component Flow include the Network layer security. Application layer security and security of the existent applications themselves. 12. Which device in the Enclave Protection Mechanism Component Flow helps extenuate hazard from users go againsting acceptable usage and unwanted web sites and URL links? The Web Content Filter 13. True or False. The Enclave Protection Mechanism includes both an internal IDS and external IDS when linking a closed web substructure to the public Internet. True. it is required to hold external IDS every bit good as internal IDS. Requirements include holding a firewall and IDS in between thecyberspace confronting router and the internal. â€Å"premise† . and router. 14. True or False. Procuring the enclave merely requires perimeter security and firewalls. False. procuring the enclave includes a superimposed firewall attack both on the interior and outside of the web. Sensitive informations can be secured from other sections of the internal web ( internal ) every bit good as Internet links ( external ) . 1 5. What is the primary aim of this STIG as is relates to web substructures for DoD webs? STIG. or Security Technical Implementation Guide. is an intended usher to diminish exposures and potency of losing sensitive informations. The usher focuses on web security. giving security considerations for the enforced web. The STIG besides covers the degree of hazards and the associated acceptable degrees to said hazards. How to cite Common risks, threats, and vulnerabilities Essay, Essay examples

Religious, Governmental and Social Views on Same

Introduction The concept of same-sex marriage is considered to be a union that is recognized by the state in both a social and legal context wherein the marriage of two individuals of the same sex is considered to be legally and socially binding. It must be noted though that its inception and implementation within a few U.S. states and countries have only been established within the past decade and a half.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religious, Governmental and Social Views on Same-Sex Marriage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, the very concept itself is widely considered to be the result of the gay rights movement that gained popularity in the U.S. during the early 1960s which subsequently spread to a worldwide gay community as a direct result of its popularity and the freedoms it entailed. What must be understood though is that while the concept of same-sex marriage exists it is not widely accepted within the general population; in fact, it is often considered to be a social aberration which has actually resulted in delays in its widespread acceptance and institution as a standard practice (Sherkat et al., 2010). An examination of the underlying factors behind this apparent resistance to the implementation of same-sex marriage as a standard social institution reveals that religious and social precedent play distinct roles in promoting the idea that allowing same-sex marriage is an aberration towards what is normal (Ellison et al. 2011). It must be noted though that such arguments are based on historical precedent rather than factual evidence indicating that same-sex marriage is actually bad for society. Further examination of the issue reveals that there are actually no adverse effects beyond that of social aesthetics in implementing same-sex marriages. Society is already well aware and has somewhat accepted the fact that same-sex relationships do, in fact, exist. Extending su ch relationships towards a legalized union does no apparent harm to society and thus can be considered an inherent right of an individual. It is on this basis of inherent rights that various countries and states in the U.S. have begun to adopt new forms of legislation that actually allow same-sex civil unions (marriages) since it is argued that people have an inherent right to choose who they want to marry with religious and social institutions having no right to interfere with a person’s inherent freedoms. What must be understood is that the basis for the creation of recent legislation allowing same-sex unions is not one where the unions are inherently approved of based on the predilections of the individual actors or groups that brought about the legislation in the first place but rather are a direct result of responding to the request of a community within a nation who are advocating their right to a civil union bases on their inherent human rights which the state has the responsibility to uphold.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religious and Social Views on Same-Sex Marriage The basis for this apparent social abhorrence behind the act is actually the result of two distinct factors, namely: religion and the adherence to traditional partnerships within society. Religion, particularly Christian and Muslim groups, are thoroughly against the concept of same-sex marriage and due to their population majority within society with both groups numbering in the 2 billion to 3 billion range this means that a large percentage of community already has developed the preconceived notion that same-sex marriages are a travesty and are against the natural order. It must be noted though that while a majority of Middle Eastern countries are thoroughly against the concept of same-sex marriages a large percentage of countries, of whom most of the population is inclined towa rds Christianity, are actually more tolerant of the concept of lesbians, gays, bi-sexual and transsexuals (LGBT) (Ellison et al. 2011). This tolerance though, should not be considered as thorough acceptance since LGBT groups within such countries still experience various forms of harassment and discrimination. An examination of the different arguments presented by religious groups against the act of same-sex marriages usually coincides with various references towards religious texts which specifically state that same-sex marriages are not allowed within their respective religions (Healy, 2011). The attitude of religious groups has extended towards presenting the message that LGBTs are an aberration to the natural order of the world and as such claim that these individuals will not go to heaven and are destined for hell (Healy, 2011). While such messages are highly inappropriate, they are actually keeping with the rather conservative nature of religious groups who are usually at odds with liberal ideas of which same-sex marriages are extensions of. Another factor that has caused delays towards the adoption of same-sex marriages as a standard practice is the traditional idea of man-woman partnerships within society. As noted by institutional theory, people are more likely to adhere to traditional financial, economic, government or social institutions despite their inefficiency and the presence of better alternatives due to the fact that they have been around for such a long period of time. This longevity is thus equated towards stability which most people consider vital in everyday existence. When applying this particular concept towards the establishment of same-sex marriages as a new social institution it becomes obvious that people would initially be against it and would not immediately accept it due to the fact that it is relatively new and that they prefer to stick to traditional social institutions as their basis for defining what is and what is not accept able within society (Sherkat et al., 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religious, Governmental and Social Views on Same-Sex Marriage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Government Legislation and Same-Sex Marriages As such it can be seen that religion and traditional societal concepts are one of the inherent problems behind widespread acceptance of the practice of same-sex marriage however what must be understood is that while religions and established social norms are inherent parts of society they are categorized under influential aspects of society rather than binding legal institutions (Messerli, 2011). Religions and societal norms cannot enact legislation in government, they can be thought of as methods to influence the creation of legislation but in the end individual actors or groups within the government are the primary creators of all legislation and as such it is only them that can determine whether the act of same-sex marriage can be considered legal or not. This is one of the reasons why same-sex marriages are increasingly being allowed in various U.S. states and countries since most legislators and individual actors who help enact legislation take into consideration factors such as inherent individual and human rights when they legalize certain practices and cannot allow themselves to be influenced by social and religious advocacy since when creating effective legislation what is needed is not a person’s religious or social orientation but rather a consideration of the moral and ethical standards behind the creation of the new law or piece of legislation. On the other hand this also explains why same-sex marriages are not allowed within various Middle Eastern countries since religion and the creation of government laws and pieces of legislation often overlap with the concept of â€Å"Shariah law† often taking precedent resulting in individuals being unduly infl uenced by the necessity of making sure new laws and enacted legislation often stays true to religious concepts and opinions. Legal Rights and Non-Discrimination When examining arguments in support of same-sex marriage terms such as â€Å"inherent human rights† and â€Å"non-discrimination† are often used as methods of justification for same-sex marriages. It is argued that people have an inherent human right to freely marry who they choose to and as such the state should support such unions. This particular argument is based on the freedom of choice, which is cited in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which most states ascribe to (Barry, 2011). What must be understood is that states have the inherent responsibility to uphold the basic human rights of its citizens. While some states such as China, the Middle East and several countries within Africa do limit certain human rights in favor of national security the fact remains that states that are set in a more democratic orientation (such as the U.S.) do often take into account the individual rights if its citizens in shaping new pieces of legislation (Glass et al., 2011). Since the right to choose is a basic human right, it is used as method of justifying same-sex marriages since people are entitled to choose who they wish to marry (Glass et al., 2011). What must be understood is that before any legislation is passed that condones a particular action sufficient impetus must be proven to show that such actions are beneficial towards society, the state and are methods of upholding individual rights.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the case of same-sex marriages this took the form of establishing the fact that a sufficiently large LGBT community is in place within a particular country/state and that same-sex relationships do occur on a regular basis so as to justify the creation of legislation that allows civil unions between same-sex couples. When examining the justification behind the creation of legislation allowing same-sex civil unions it is often the case that such pieces of legislation are created since it is necessary for the government to uphold individual and community rights, in this particular case it is the inherent human right of same-sex couples to get married (Barry, 2011). Another factor that should be taken into consideration (which is often expressed by the LGBT community) is their right not to be discriminated against by the government. The 1960 gay rights movement that occurred as a direct result of the influences of the 1960 Civil Rights movement resulted in the passing of various form s of legislation that made discrimination on the basis of gender illegal within the United States. This particular piece of legislation is often utilized as a basis for the creation of legislation within states to allow same-sex marriage since to limit marriage to people of opposite genders is taken as a form of discrimination under the law. While it may be true that individual states have the prerogative to subjectively interpret the law based on their inherent predilections that fact remains that it has been noticeable that states are often siding against religious and social groups and are in effect interpreting the law to allow same-sex civil unions. Conclusion What must be understood is that from a legislative standpoint, same-sex marriages should be allowed by the law since states need to uphold the individual rights of their citizens. Same-sex marriage is thus continuing to be interpreted under the basis of an inherent right and as such is one of the reasons why individual st ates within the U.S. as well as other countries are beginning to allow same-sex civil unions. While it may be true that religious and social institutions vilify the practice the fact remains that the right to choose who to marry is an inherent human right that states need to uphold. As such, the creation of legislation allowing same-sex marriages can be considered an evolution in the way in which the terminology of the institution of marriage is formulated so as to take into consideration the inherent human right of individuals who wish to marry despite being of the same gender. Reference List Barry, P. (2011). Same-Sex Marriage and the Charge of Illiberality. Social Theory Practice, 37(2), 333-357. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Ellison, C. G., Acevedo, G. A., Ramos-Wada, A. I. (2011). Religion and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage Among U.S. Latinos. Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 92(1), 35-56. Glass, C. M., Kubasek, N., Kiester, E. (2011). Toward A Ã¢â‚¬Ë œEuropean Model’ of Same – Sex Marriage Rights: A Viable Pathway for the U.S.?. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 29(1), 132-174. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Healy, M. (2011). St. Paul, Ephesians 5 and same-sex marriage. Homiletic Pastoral Review, 111(8), 12. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Messerli, J. (2011). Should same-sex marriages be legalized? . Retrieved from https://www.balancedpolitics.org/same_sex_marriages.htm Sherkat, D. E., de Vries, K., Creek, S. (2010). Race, Religion, and Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage. Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 91(1), 80-98. This essay on Religious, Governmental and Social Views on Same-Sex Marriage was written and submitted by user Eric Duffy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SWOT Analysis Swatch Group

SWOT Analysis Swatch Group Strength In 2010, the Swatch Group has managed to introduce $ 10 billion of sales through presentation of 19 brands meeting the demands of the established market segments (Deshpander et al. 3). In addition, the company’s success was due to the revival of famous brand Omega confronting Rolex. Finally, introducing advanced Co-Axial technologies has allowed the company to sustain a competitive advantage successfully.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on SWOT Analysis Swatch Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weakness Despite the success of the company and focus on multi-brand development, the company experienced a serious financial recession in 2009. Apparently, the decline was due to the establishment of high-cost monopolized boutiques that were less competitive as compared to those offering multiple brands. Time-sensitivity was another issue that the Swatch Group had to face. Opportunity In order to follow the company mission to introduce value as a priority for product promotion, it was highly important to cooperate with the leading manufacturers of the watch parts, such as Nivarox (Deshpander et al. 5). In addition, the CEO of the Swatch Group, Nick Hayek, has introduced a new communication strategy focusing on developing brands and inviting such celebrities as Daniel Craig and George Clooney as sponsors. Threat A narrow-focused approach on branding campaign can limit the competitiveness of the company and introduce potential threat on the part of other competing businesses. Analysis With regard to the SWOT analysis, it is possible to highlight a range of brand strategies that a company has introduced to meet the customer demands. In particular, Hayek has introduced a multi-brand concept development that allowed to stay afloat and face all possible risks at losing a certain brand. Focus on brand development, on the one hand, might lead to the loss of certain consumers due to the ina bility of the producers to predict the needs and preferences. On the other hand, developing brand families based on innovation management is a step forward toward penetrating to an international market. Finally, maintaining a monopoly in brand development, which can lead to a less attractive image of the company’s product. Recommended Action Despite a well-organized and consistent strategy of promoting brand image through advancement of technology, development of brand families, and improving communication techniques, the company should still pay attention to the threat of their monopolized brand development.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Promoting a single brand to various markets can increase profitability, but for a short period because it is impossible to expand customer base endlessly. Therefore, the Swatch Group should work on expanding their cu stomer segments, but not on developing the concept of the Marketing Mix. Focus on product development and quality improvement should be a priority for the company to meet consumers’ fast-changing demands. Exploring new possibilities for enhancing product functionality is much more beneficial because it can change the fixed costs, as well as the controlling variables. Emphasis placed on technology innovation is relevant because it contributes to the development of new products and brands. However, the watch manufacturers should strike the balance between quality and functionality to meet the demands of broader market segments. Marketing Plan The marketing strategy of the Swatch Group should pay attention to high quality, low costs, and accurate watch materials. The main objective of the company consists in achieving innovation and creativity, which leads to expansion of the international market, as well as establishment of a strong brand loyalty among the consumers. The compan y’s marketing mix concept should consist of the following aspects: Target Market The target consumers of the Swatch Group involve those who are interested in exclusivity and exceptional quality. However, this segment is too narrow for the company to increase its revenues. The focus on uniqueness is beneficial, but the unique products can be sold at much lower prices. Such a strategy can expand the customer base significantly. Product The company provides greater opportunities for developing a wide range of products. However, creating a broad range of watches can lead to increased cost, which does not contribute to company’s profitability and performance.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on SWOT Analysis Swatch Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pricing The pricing strategy should be limited to the exclusiveness of the product and emphasize its high quality. Therefore, all products offered by the c ompany are of premium price. Apart from this strategy, the Swatch Group should also develop the strategy that would propose moderate prices to middle-class consumers. Promotion Interactive and direct promotion is possible through Internet because it can reach larger amounts of target customers. Therefore, the Swatch Group can introduce its advertisement on various websites. Distribution/Place Promotion strategy should be connected with strengthening the positions that have already been established. This strategy can increase the popularity of the brand and provide new opportunities for company’s development. Measurement In order to measure the outcomes, it is necessary to take control of the customer’s feedback placed on the websites, as well as the sales growth rates. In addition, the company can spend some time on research and development activities to define which segment of the market is the most active one and which one is passive. The latter can be identified as a weakness that can further be improved by the above-identified strategies. Deshpander, Rohit, Karol Misztal, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. â€Å"The Swatch Group†. Harvard Business School. (2012): 1-25.

Hindenburg - A Giant and Luxurious Zeppelin

Hindenburg - A Giant and Luxurious Zeppelin In 1936, the Zeppelin Company, with the financial aid of Nazi Germany, built the Hindenburg (the LZ 129), the largest airship ever made. Named after the late German president, Paul von Hindenburg, the Hindenburg stretched 804-feet-long and was 135-feet-tall at its widest point. That made the Hindenburg just 78-feet shorter than the Titanic and four times larger than the Good Year blimps. The Design of the Hindenburg The Hindenburg was a rigid airship definitely in the Zeppelin design. It had a gas capacity of 7,062,100 cubic feet and was powered by four 1,100-horsepower diesel engines. Although it had been built for helium (a less flammable gas than hydrogen), the United States had refused to export helium to Germany (for fear of other countries building military airships). Thus, the Hindenburg was filled with hydrogen in its 16 gas cells. External Design on the Hindenburg On the outside of the Hindenburg, two large, black swastikas on a white circle surrounded by a red rectangle (the Nazi emblem) were emblazoned on two tail fins. Also on the outside of the Hindenburg was D-LZ129 painted in black and the airships name, Hindenburg painted in scarlet, Gothic script. For its appearance at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin in August, the Olympic rings were painted on the side of the Hindenburg. Luxury Accommodations Inside the Hindenburg The inside of the Hindenburg surpassed all other airships in luxury. Though most of the airships interior consisted of gas cells, there were two decks (just aft of the control gondola) for the passengers and crew. These decks spanned the width (but not the length) of the Hindenburg. Deck A (the top deck) offered a promenade and a lounge on each side of the airship which was nearly walled with windows (which opened), allowing passengers to watch the scenery throughout their trip. In each of these rooms, passengers could sit on chairs made of aluminum. The lounge even featured a baby grand piano that was made of aluminum and covered in yellow pigskin, weighing only 377 pounds.Between the promenade and the lounge were the passenger cabins. Each cabin had two berths and a washbasin, similar in design to a sleeping room on a train. But in order to keep weight to a minimum, the passenger cabins were separated by only a single layer of foam covered by fabric. Toilets, urinals, and one shower could be found downstairs, on Deck B. Deck B (the lower deck) also contained the kitchen and the crews mess. Plus, Deck B offered the amazing amenity of a smoking room. Considering that hydrogen gas was extremely flammable, the smoking room was a novelty in air travel. Connected to the rest of the ship through an airlock door, the room was specially insulated to keep hydrogen gasses from leaking into the room. Passengers were able to lounge in the smoking room day or night and freely smoke (lighting from the only lighter allowed on the craft, which was built into the room). The Hindenburgs First Flight The Hindenburg, a giant in size and grandeur, first emerged from its shed in Friedrichshafen, Germany on March 4, 1936. After only a few test flights, the Hindenburg was ordered by the Nazi propaganda minister, Dr. Joseph Goebbels, to accompany the Graf Zeppelin over every German city with a population over 100,000 to drop Nazi campaign pamphlets and to blare patriotic music from loudspeakers. The Hindenburgs first real trip was as a symbol of the Nazi regime. On May 6, 1936, the Hindenburg initiated its first scheduled transatlantic flight from Europe to the United States. Although passengers had flown on airships for 27 years by the time the Hindenburg was completed, the Hindenburg was destined to have a pronounced affect on passenger flight in lighter-than-air crafts when the Hindenburg exploded on May 6, 1937.

The Negatives Use of Reinfusion Drains in the Surgical Setting Research Paper

The Negatives Use of Reinfusion Drains in the Surgical Setting - Research Paper Example This can be due to using unsterilized tubes or getting infected instruments into the delicate internals of the patient. There are also cases where patients had the pipes physically damaging the delicate internal parts during insertion or removal or from mechanical failure of the machines used in the process (Helms & Quan, 2006). Placing the tubes inferior to the pleural cavity has been found out to increase chances of damaging the spleen, liver or diaphragm. In the very unlucky cases, there have been injuries to the heart or other blood veins especially when the affected area occurs near the heart. The minor issues arising from the procedure include coughing especially after the removal of a large amount of liquid or air which creates a kind of vacuum in the chest cavity (Norton, 2008). Shortness of breath is also a common occurrence usually accompanied by a feeling of anxiety after the procedure. Most pains go away after the tube is removed from the body and therefore should not worry the patient in any way. Care should be taken though that persistent pain is checked in the shortest time possible since there could be internal injuries. The minor complications are usually associated with the general process and common among all those who have undergone the process (DeWald, 2003). The most important cautionary measure that medical practitioners undertaking this process need to take into consideration though is the prevention of clogging of the tubes during the fluid, pus or air removal (Atluri, 2006).

Social change Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social change Assigment - Essay Example His idea has proven to be a replicable and long lasting means of delivering health related services and goods to Guatemalan and Ecuadorian villages. Using this process, he has encouraged entrepreneurship thus giving villagers the opportunity to develop economically, physically and socially. This model targets individuals in rural areas especially the women who have no other means of generating additional household income. This is through overpowering the traditional method of giving handouts to rural communities as they find means of fending for themselves, and not necessarily waiting for the next donation. So far Greg Van Kirk’s method has successfully sold water filters, energy-efficient light bulbs, wood burning stoves, eyeglasses and seed -growing techniques, in over one thousand villages in the rural areas at affordable prices; improving their health and economic status. Greg Van Kirk’s development is considered a social entrepreneurship because it is a new invention which has achieved large scale sustainable, and systemic social change. This invention has also first focused on social and ecological value creation while optimizing on financial value creation. Another reason for its classification as a social entrepreneurship is that it created innovation by finding a new product, and service, and a unique approach to a social problem. It also emulates the act of devotion to the poor and the weak and also stays on top in business innovation. Social entrepreneurship shares common traits and so do their organizations. Greg Van Kirk like most social entrepreneurs believes that all people have the capacity to contribute meaningfully to economic and social development. He has a driving passion as can be seen through his innovation. The zeal to monitor and measure impact, there are several articles showing researches done to determine the strategy, benefits and new

Terrorism Prevention Program for Homeland Security

Terrorism Prevention Program for Homeland Security Jacob Malone The Department of Homeland Securitys vision is a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards, where American interests, aspirations, and way of life can thrive. In order to accomplish this, according to Chip Fulghum (2016), DHS employs over 225,000 people in jobs from border security to cybersecurity analysis and must work together to combat a wide range of threats. With a wide array of job duties it is clear that their main goal is to keep America safe. According to Roger Kemp (2012), The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) formally came into being as a standalone, Gabinet-level, department to further coordinate the unify national homeland security efforts, opening its doors on March 1,2003 (p. 28). DHS primary mission is to prevent terrorism and enhance security. Stopping and preventing terrorism is the keystone of DHS. The threat of terrorism to the nation has advanced over the years since the last quadrennial review in 2010. It remains real and even harder to detect. An example of this evolution is the Boston Marathon bombing. We are facing more lone wolf attackers that are inspired and encouraged by fanatical ideologies to radicalize to violence and commit deadly terrorist acts towards Americans. These independent acts are the hardest to detect and DHS will remain vigilant in identifying and countering these threats. DHS Priorities to Secure Against the Evolving Terrorism Threat Identify, Investigate, and Interdict Threats as Early as Possible Shrink the Haystack: Expand Risk Based Security Focus on Countering Violent Extremism and Helping to Prevent Complex Mass Casualty Attacks Reduce Vulnerabilities: Deny Resources, Deny Targets Uncover Patterns and Faint Signals: Enhance Data Integration and Analysis Table 1 Identify, Investigate, and Interdict Threats as Early as Possible Due to the present and development of potential attacks and threats, a prime concern is that these vicious fanatical can move undetected across boarders within conflict zones. An example would be the conflicts in Syria and Yemen where they can train other like-minded people in tactics, skills, and weapons for the use of terrorism. In addition to, many other nations are incapable of securing their own borders and prevent illegitimate movement of people and goods and the inability to collect customs revenues to support governance. As a result, they are on the verge of state failure. DHS and the Departments of State, Defense, and Justice will address the vulnerabilities and improve the safe and protected movement of people and goods by prioritizing support to foreign partners to increase their border supervision, customs integrity, and the capacities and capabilities of their law enforcement. In addition, it is vital to use the information we receive in advance to screen abroad based on risk instead of waiting to screen upon the arrival of the United States. Shrink the Haystack: Expand Risk-Based Security Due to the decentralized nature of the present threat makes it important that we migrate away from a one-size-fits-all type of security approach and move in the direction of risk informed and intelligence-driven. With this new mindset, DHS will focus more on identifying lower risk travelers and cargo in order to spend more time and resources on the people we know less about or pose a higher threat. According to DHS, Trusted traveler and shipper programs such as Global Entry, TSA Preà ¢Ã…“â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, and the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism advance these objectives and show that effective security and the expedited flow of goods and people can be achieved together (DHS, 2017). They will use several ways to identify lower risk travelers. For example, they will use background check and recognize foreign partner trusted traveler programs. Focus On Countering Violent Extremism and Helping to Prevent Complex Mass Casualty Attacks DHS does not focus on just one form of one particular ideology or protected First Amendment activities, but rather all forms all forms of fanaticism when it comes to countering violent extremism within the U.S. Their efforts to opposing vicious extremism highlight the power of local communities and the premise that well-informed and well-equipped families and communities represent the best defense against these violent acts. DHS supports community based problem solving and local law enforcement programs in order to disrupt and deter recruitment to radicalized violence. According to DHS, DHS jointly develops with federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial partners training for frontline law enforcement officers on behaviors that may be indicative of violent extremist activity (DHS, 2017). Comparable research into non-ideologically motivated violence provides enhanced understanding into pre-incident behavioral indicators that are linked to mass violence. This give DHS the ability to equip partners with the best tools to identify and mitigate an array of violent attacks. Reduce Vulnerabilities: Deny Resources, Deny Targets Violent extremists will tend to seek out and attack symbolic venues, mass gathering, and critical infrastructure. The best way to protect against these targets is to adopt approaches that are intelligence-led, analytical driven, and pursued in close collaboration with federal, state, local, and private sector partners in addition to the public. The DHS Security Strategy for Mass Transit and Passenger Rail dives further into detail into how they have employed this approach to improve the security of our infrastructure. According to DHS, They will continue to increase an emphasis on deterrence, including enhancing efforts to publicly communicate tailored descriptions of homeland security capabilities to influence the perception, risk calculations, and behaviors of adversaries (DHS, 2017). Uncover Patterns and Faint Signals: Enhance Data Integration and Analysis DHS and its partners must continue and constantly maintain situational awareness. In addition, DHS is dedicated to integrating its data sources, including federating vetting operations. Homeland Security will adopt big data management solutions that will give the investigators and analysts the ability to identify relationships that were once difficult to distinguish. It allows them to identify harmful activity earlier and to intervene or stop these attacks from ever happening. A vital source of data is the Suspicious Activity Reporting from stat, local, and private sector partners that are members of the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative. Another source with a critical role is the If You See Something, Say Something campaign. This campaign encourages citizens to report any suspicious activity to local law enforcement. These efforts will help protect our privacy, civil liberties, and civil rights and allow the FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force to quickly view information and share with other FBI Field Intelligence Groups for further analysis. DHS will prioritize and swiftly distribute local or regional joint products through the National Network of Fusion Center and other mechanisms. According to DHS, These joint products, produced collaboratively by federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial partners, support operations and provide detailed insight on emerging community or region-specific threats (DHS, 2017). In conclusion, DHS has an enormous responsibility in keeping our nation safe, secure, and resilient against all enemies and other hazards. In order to accomplish this DHS employs over 240,000 people in jobs from border security to cybersecurity analysis. In order to protect us they came up with five priorities in order to secure against the evolving terrorism threat: identify, investigate, and interdict threats as early as possible, shrink the haystack: expand risk based security, focus on countering violent extremism and helping to prevent complex mass casualty attacks, reduce vulnerabilities: deny resources, deny targets, and uncover patterns and faint signals by enhancing data integration and analysis. References DHS. (2014). Fiscal Years 2014-2018 Strategic Plan . Retrieved March 21, 2017, from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/FY14-18%20Strategic%20Plan_0_0.PDF DHS. (2014). The 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2014-qhsr-final-508.pdf Fulghum, C. (2016). Securing the resources that secure the homeland. Armed Forces Comptroller, 61(3), 6-9. Kahan, J. H. (2013). Whats in a name? the meaning of homeland security. Journal of Homeland Security Education, 2(1), 18. Kemp, R. L. (2012). Homeland security in america past, present, and future. World Future Review, 4(1), 28-33.

Why Australians Should Welcome Refugees

Why Australians should welcome refugees The Australian Government and the people of our communities must allow more refugees into our country. They have no choice but to leave their countries and unlike us they can't Just get on a plane to another country. So why won't we help them? Refugees are often treated badly by Australians but why? Refugees offer a lot to the community, they are hardworking and respectful and they will also do Jobs a lot of Australians will not, it Just sickens me to think that people think they shouldn't be allowed Into Australia.Firstly Australia needs to let many more refugees Into the entry. Compared to other countries Like the UK and the USA, Australia lets hardly any refugees in and we have so much room. How would you feel If you were living In a corrupt, third world country dominated by call wars and terrorism and, finally, after saving up for your whole life could afford to get a ticket on a rickety boat with no guarantee of survival to a country that you have heard so many great things about, where you have rights and freedom and when you arrived you were put In a detention center?This is what happens to them, they get put in there for years and some of them never even get out. Detention centers are like prisons and we need to get rid of mandatory detention centers, a lot of refugees kill themselves in there because their family is gone and they are left there not sure of whether they are going to get out. In some cases it is finally the day when you are let free and you have all these great expectations but you experience racism and you are looked down upon by the people around you. Is that fair? Secondly it's not their choice as to whether they flee their country or stay living there.The reasons they have to move often include; there may be civil wars there, their human rights aren't being expected, they are under threat of prosecution because of their religious beliefs or their life is under threat. You think they Just get on a boat to come to Australia with no guarantee of survival because they feel like moving? Some Australians say that they should stay and fight in their own country. This is absolutely ridiculous, if you lived in a corrupt, war torn third world country would you stay and fight for your country being proud of where you live?Finally, in many cases when they arrive in Australia after spending weeks to months on a crowded unsafe boat often being attacked by pirates and then to be sent to a detention center for years before being let out and being looked down upon by the people of your community and being thought of as inferior to them for many reasons. How would that feel? On top of what they have gone through many Australians have the audacity to make racist comments towards them. Refugees offer many things to the community. Refugees are almost always hard working, and appreciative because of where they came from.They are almost always better employees than many Australians because they try much reader and don't take things for granted. Many refugees will also do many Jobs that a lot of Australians believe they are â€Å"too good for†. Many people say refugees are taking all the jobs off of the Australians however the reality Is that they take any opportunity they get to work and will often do Jobs with less pay, plus they are generally better workers so as an employer why wouldn't you employ a refugee as long as they had think that that we shouldn't let refugees in. The good that they bring outweighs the bad by a long way.They have to travel all the way over here for months only to be put onto a detention center. It's not their choice that they have to leave their countries and it disgusts me that some ignorant, inconsiderate people actually think that refugees should stay and fight in their own countries, but in reality they have tried. If they stay in their own countries they may die! Why would anyone want to stay and live in a place like that? Many Aust ralians even stoop low enough to make racist comments and remarks, after all they have been through. Maybe we need to be more educated as to what they have been through and reconsider what they think.

Rien - Idiomatic French Expressions

The French pronoun rien usually means nothing, and is also used in many expressions. Learn how to say for no reason, not a chance, worthless, and more with this list of expressions with rien. Possible Meanings of Rien nothinganythinglove (tennis)nil, zero (sports) le rien - nothingnessun rien - a mere nothingdes riens - trivia Expressions with Rien (faire qqchose) comme un rien(to do something) with no trouble, like nothing at allun coup pour riena free gode rienyoure welcomedeux fois riennext to nothingjamais rien / As-tu jamais rien vu de plus bizarre  ?anything / Have you ever seen anything stranger?ne ___ en rien / Il ne ressemble en rien à   son pà ¨re.not at all, nothing like / He looks nothing like his father.ne... riennothing___ ne risque rien___ will be okay, nothing can happen to ___pour rienfor nothing, for a songpour un rienfor no reason, at the drop of a hatrien à   dà ©clarer (à   la douane)nothing to declare (at customs)rien à   signalernothing to reportrien à   voirnothing to do withrien au mondenothing in the worldrien dautrenothing elseun rien dea splash, touch, hint of somethingrien de gravenothing seriousrien de moinsnothing lessrien de neufnothing newrien de plusnothing else, nothing morerien de plus facile(theres) nothing easier, nothing could be simplerrien de plus, rien de moinsnothing more or l essrien de rien (informal)absolutely nothingrien de tel quenothing likerien du toutnothing at allrien partout (sports)nil all, love allrien queonlyrien que à §a (ironic)thats all, no lessrien qui vaillenothing useful, nothing worthwhile___ sinon rien___ or nothingtrois fois riennext to nothingcomprendre rien à   riento not have a cluenavoir rien à   voir avec/dansto have nothing to do withnavoir rien contre (quelquun)to have nothing against (someone)navoir rien de (quelquun)to having nothing in common with (someone)nà ªtre riento be a nobody/nothing, to be worthlessÇa ne compte pour rien dansThat has nothing to do withÇa ne fait rien.It doesnt matter, Never mind.br/>Ça ne me dit rienI dont feel like itÇa ne risque pas !Not a chance!Ça ne vaut rienIts worthless, its no goodÇa ne veut dire rienThat doesnt mean a thingCela na rien à   voir avec...That has nothing to do with...Cela na rien dimpossible.That is perfectly possible.Cela ne rime à   rienThat mak es no senseCe que tu fais ou rien !Dont bother!Cest à §a ou rienTake it or leave itCest mieux que rienIts better than nothingCest rien de le dire. (informal)Thats an understatement.Cest tout ou rien.Its all or nothing.Cest un(e) rien du toutHe (She) is a nobody, no goodCe nest pas rien.Its not nothing, Its no picnic.Ce nest rien.Its nothing, Never mind.Cà ©tait un coup pour rien.It was all for nothing.Il nen est rien.Its nothing like that, Thats not it at all.Il ny a rien à   faireTheres nothing we can do, Its hopelessJe nai rien à   dire surI have nothing to say about, I cant complain aboutJe ny peux rienTheres nothing I can do about it.Je ny suis pour rienIve got nothing to do with it.br/>On na rien pour rienEverything has a price.Qui ne risque rien na rien (proverb)Nothing ventured, nothing gainedRien à   faire !Its no good!Rien ne dit que ...Theres nothing to say that ...Rien ne va plusNo more betsRien ny faitNothing is any goodTu nas rien à   dire !Youre in no position to comment! You cant complain!La và ©rità ©, rien que la và ©rità ©.The truth and nothing but the truth.Y a-t-il rien de plus ___ ?Is there anything more ____?

Logical Fallacies Appeal to Authority

Fallacious appeals to authority take the general form of: 1. Person (or people) P makes claim X. Therefore, X is true. A fundamental reason why the Appeal to Authority can be a fallacy is that a proposition can be well supported only by facts and logically valid inferences. But by using an authority, the argument is relying upon testimony, not facts. A testimony is not an argument and it is not a fact. Now, such testimony might be strong or it might be weak the better the authority, the stronger the testimony will be and the worse the authority, the weaker the testimony will be. Thus, the way to differentiate between a legitimate and a fallacious appeal to authority is by evaluating the nature and strength of who is giving the testimony. Obviously, the best way to avoid making the fallacy is to avoid relying upon testimony as much as possible, and instead to rely upon original facts and data. But the truth of the matter is, this isnt always possible: we cant verify every single thing ourselves, and thus will always have to make use of the testimony of experts. Nevertheless, we must do so carefully and judiciously. The different types of the Appeal to Authority are: Legitimate Appeal to AuthorityAppeal to Unqualified AuthorityAppeal to Anonymous AuthorityAppeal to NumbersAppeal to Tradition  « Logical Fallacies | Legitimate Appeal to Authority  » Fallacy Name:Legitimate Appeal to Authority Alternative Names:None Category:Fallacy of Relevance Appeals to Authority Explanation:Not every reliance upon the testimony of authority figures is fallacious. We often rely upon such testimony, and we can do so for very good reason. Their talent, training and experience put them in a position to evaluate and report on evidence not readily available to everyone else. But we must keep in mind that for such an appeal to be justified, certain standards must be met: 1. The authority is an expert in the area of knowledge under consideration.2. The statement of the authority concerns his or her area of mastery.3. There is agreement among experts in the area of knowledge under consideration. Examples and Discussion:Let’s take a look at this example: 4. My doctor has said that medicine X will help my medical condition. Therefore, it will help me with my medical condition. Is this a legitimate appeal to authority, or a fallacious appeal to authority? First, the doctor has to be a medical doctor — a doctor of philosophy simply won’t do. Second, the doctor has to be treating you for a condition in which she has training — it isn’t enough if the doctor is a dermatologist who is prescribing you something for lung cancer. Finally, there has to be some general agreement among other experts in this field — if your doctor is the only one using this treatment, then the premise does not support the conclusion. Of course, we must keep in mind that even if these conditions are fully met, that does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion. We are looking at inductive arguments here, and inductive arguments do not have guaranteed true conclusions, even when the premises are true. Instead, we have conclusions which are probably true. An important issue to consider here how and why anyone might be called an â€Å"expert† in some field. It isn’t enough to simply note that an appeal to authority is not a fallacy when that authority is an expert, because we need to have some way to tell when and how we have a legitimate an expert, or when we just have a fallacy. Let’s look at another example: 5. Channeling the spirits of the dead is real, because John Edward says he can do it and he is an expert. Now, is the above a legitimate appeal to authority, or a fallacious appeal to authority? The answer rests with whether or not it is true that we can call Edward an expert on channeling the spirits of the dead. Let’s do a comparison of the following two examples to see if that helps: 6. Professor Smith, shark expert: Great White Sharks are dangerous.7. John Edward: I can channel the spirit of your dead grandmother. When it comes to the authority of Professor Smith, it isn’t so hard to accept that he might be an authority on sharks. Why? Because the topic that he is an expert on involves empirical phenomena; and more importantly, it is possible for us to check on what he has claimed and verify it for ourselves. Such verification might be time consuming (and, when it comes to sharks, perhaps dangerous!), but that is usually why an appeal to authority is made in the first place. But when it comes to Edward, the same things cannot really be said. We simply do not have the usual tools and methods available to us to verify that he is, indeed, channeling someone’s dead grandmother and thereby getting information from her. Since we have no idea how his claim might be verified, even in theory, it simply isn’t possible to conclude that he is an expert on the subject. Now, that does not mean that there cannot be experts or authorities on the behavior of people who claim to channel the spirits of the dead, or experts on the social phenomena surrounding belief in channeling. This is because the claims made by these so-called experts can be verified and evaluated independently. By the same token, a person might be an expert on theological arguments and the history of theology, but to call them an expert on â€Å"god† would just be begging the question.  « Appeal to Authority — Overview | Appeal to Unqualified Authority  » Name:Appeal to Unqualified Authority Alternative Names:Argumentum ad Verecundiam Category:Fallacies of Relevance Appeals to Authority Explanation:An appeal to an Unqualified Authority looks much like a legitimate appeal to authority, but it violates at least one of the three necessary conditions for such an appeal to be legitimate: 1. The authority is an expert in the area of knowledge under consideration.2. The statement of the authority concerns his or her area of mastery.3. There is agreement among experts in the area of knowledge under consideration. People don’t always bother to think about whether these standards have been met. One reason is that most learn to defer to authorities and are reluctant to challenge them — this is the source of the Latin name for this fallacy, Argumentum ad Verecundiam, which means â€Å"argument appealing to our sense of modesty.† It was coined by John Locke to communicate how people are browbeaten by such arguments into accepting a proposition by the testimony of an authority because they are too modest to base a challenge on their own knowledge. Authorities can be challenged and the place to start is by questioning whether or not the above criteria have been met. To begin with, you can question whether or not the alleged authority really is an authority in this area of knowledge. It isn’t uncommon for people to set themselves up as authorities when they don’t merit such a label. For example, expertise in the fields of science and medicine require many years of study and practical work, but some who claim to have similar expertise by more obscure methods, like self-study. With that, they might claim the authority to challenge everyone else; but even if it turns out that their radical ideas are right, until that is proven, references to their testimony would be a fallacious. Examples and Discussion:An all-too-common example of this is movie stars testifying on important matters before Congress: 4. My favorite actor, who appeared in a movie about AIDS, has testified that the HIV virus doesn’t really cause AIDS and that there has been a cover-up. So, I think that AIDS must be caused by something other than HIV and the drug companies are hiding it so that they can make money from expensive anti-HIV drugs. Although there is little evidence to support the idea, perhaps it is true that AIDS is not caused by HIV; but that is really beside the point. The above argument bases the conclusion on the testimony on an actor, apparently because they appeared in a movie on the topic. This example might seem fanciful but many actors have testified before Congress based on the strength of their movie roles or pet charities. This doesn’t make them any more of an authority on such topics than you or I. They certainly can’t claim the medical and biological expertise to make authoritative testimony on the nature of AIDS. So just why is it that actors are invited to testify before Congress on topics other than acting or art? A second basis for challenge is whether or not the authority in question is making statements in his or her area of expertise. Sometimes, it is obvious when that is not happening. The above example with actors would be a good one - we might accept such a person as an expert on acting or how Hollywood works, but that doesn’t mean they know anything about medicine. There are many examples of this in advertising — indeed, just about every bit of advertising which uses some sort of celebrity is making a subtle (or not-so-subtle) appeal to unqualified authority. Just because someone is a famous baseball player doesn’t make them qualified to say which mortgage company is best, for instance. Often the difference can be much more subtle, with an authority in a related field making statements about an area of knowledge close to their own, but not quite close enough to warrant calling them an expert. So, for example, a dermatologist might be an expert when it comes to skin disease, but that doesn’t mean that they should be accepted as also being an expert when it comes to lung cancer. Finally, we can challenge an appeal to authority based on whether or not the testimony being offered is something which would find widespread agreement among other experts in that field. After all, if this is the only person in the entire field making such claims, the mere fact that they have expertise doesn’t warrant belief in it, especially considering the weight of contrary testimony. There are entire fields, in fact, where there is widespread disagreement on just about everything — psychiatry and economics are good examples of this. When an economist testifies to something, we can be almost guaranteed that we could find other economists to argue differently. Thus, we cannot rely upon them and should look directly at the evidence they are offering.  « Legitimate Appeal to Authority | Appeal to Anonymous Authority  » Fallacy Name:Appeal to Anonymous Authority Alternative Names:HearsayAppeal to Rumor Category:Fallacy of Weak Induction Appeals to Authority Explanation:This fallacy occurs whenever a person claims we should believe a proposition because it is also believed or claimed by some authority figure or figures — but in this case the authority is not named. Instead of identifying who this authority is, we get vague statements about â€Å"experts† or â€Å"scientists† who have â€Å"proven† something to be â€Å"true.† This is a fallacious Appeal to Authority because a valid authority is one who can be checked and whose statements can be verified. An anonymous authority however, cannot be checked and their statements cannot be verified. Examples and Discussion:We often see the Appeal to Anonymous Authority used in arguments where scientific matters are at question: 1. Scientists have found that eating cooked meat causes cancer.2. Most doctors agree that people in America take too many unnecessary drugs. Either of the above propositions may be true — but the support offered is completely inadequate to the task of supporting them. The testimony of â€Å"scientists† and â€Å"most doctors† is only relevant if we know who these people are and can independently evaluate the data which they have used. Sometimes, the Appeal to Anonymous Authority doesn’t even bother to rely upon genuine authorities like â€Å"scientists† or â€Å"doctors† — instead, all we hear about are unidentified â€Å"experts†: 3. According to government experts, the new nuclear storage facility poses no dangers.4. Environmental experts have demonstrated that global warming does not really exist. Here we don’t even know if the so-called â€Å"experts† are qualified authorities in the fields in question — and that is in addition to not knowing who they are so we can check the data and conclusions. For all we know, they have no genuine expertise and/or experience in these matters and have only been cited because they happen to agree with the speaker’s personal beliefs. Sometimes, the Appeal to Anonymous Authority is combined with an insult: 5. Every open-minded historian will agree that the Bible is relatively historically accurate and that Jesus existed. The authority of â€Å"historians† is used as a basis to argue that the listener should believe both that the Bible is historically accurate and that Jesus existed. Nothing is said about who the â€Å"historians† in question are — as a result, we cannot check for ourselves whether or not these â€Å"historians† have a good basis for their position. The insult comes in via the implication that those who believe the claims are â€Å"open-minded† and, therefore, those who don’t believe aren’t open-minded. No one wants to think of herself as being closed-minded, so an inclination to adopt the position described above is created. In addition, all historians who reject the above are automatically excluded from consideration because they are simply â€Å"closed-minded.† This fallacy can also be used in a personal way: 6. I know a chemist who is an expert in his field, and according to him evolution is nonsense. Who is this chemist? What field is he an expert in? Does his expertise have anything at all to do with a field which relates to evolution? Without that information, his opinion about evolution cannot be regarded as any reason to doubt evolutionary theory. Sometimes, we don’t even get the benefit of an appeal to â€Å"experts†: 7. They say that crime is increasing because of a lax court system. This proposition may be true, but who is this â€Å"they† who says so? We don’t know and we cannot evaluate the claim. This example of the Appeal to Anonymous Authority fallacy is particularly bad because it is so vague and vacuous. The Appeal to Anonymous Authority fallacy is sometimes called an Appeal to Rumor and the above example shows why. When â€Å"they† say things, that is just a rumor — it might be true, or it might not be. We cannot accept it as true, however, without evidence and the testimony of â€Å"they† cannot even begin to qualify. Prevention and Treatment:Avoiding this fallacy can be difficult because we all have heard things that have led to our beliefs, but when called upon to defend those beliefs we can’t find all of those reports to use as evidence. Thus, it is very easy and tempting to simply refer to â€Å"scientists† or â€Å"experts.† This isn’t necessarily a problem — provided, of course, that we are willing to make the effort to find that evidence when asked. We should not expect anyone to believe it just because we have cited the so-called authority of unknown and anonymous figures. We also shouldn’t jump on someone when we see them doing the same. Instead, we should remind them that an anonymous authority isn’t sufficient to get us to believe the claims in question and ask them to provide more substantive support.  « Logical Fallacies | Argument from Authority  »